上外3 Unit 8要点 大学英语综合教程.docx
《上外3 Unit 8要点 大学英语综合教程.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《上外3 Unit 8要点 大学英语综合教程.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
上外3Unit8要点大学英语综合教程
Unit8Cloning
WordWeb
Whatwordsorexpressionswilloccurtoyouwheneverwemention“cloning”?
Writedownasmanywordsandphrasesaspossible.
identicalunethicalembryoreplicate
horrifyingreproductivescientiststemcell
riskDolly,thesheephumancloninggene
disputablecurediseaseorganscientificadvance
sci-fifilmorgan
TestYourKnowledgeonCloning
1.Theconceptof“cloning”wasoriginallyasciencefictionidea.（F）
（=Cloningwasnotoriginallyasci-fiideaalthoughsci-fiwritershaveenjoyedplayingaboutwiththeconcept.Cloneshavealwaysoccurredinnature.）
2.“Clone”comesfromtheancientGreekwordmeaning“trouble”.（F）
（=Theword“clone”comesfromtheancientGreekwordmeaning“twig”i.e.,adivisionfromthemainbranch.）
3.Onecellcouldtheoreticallylaunchathousandclones.（T）
（=Ittakesawholecelltostartaclone—butofcoursethere’remillionsofgeneticallyidenticalcellsinananimalorgan.）
4.Dollythesheepwasgrowninatest-tube.（F）
（=Althoughthecloningprocesstakesplaceinlabconditions,theembryohastobetransferredintoasurrogatemothertodevelopintoawholeanimal.）
5.Clonedanimalshavethesamepersonalityastheir“parent”.（F）
（=Clonedanimalsmayormaynothavethesamepersonalityastheirparent—personalityispartlydeterminedbytheenvironment.）
6.Ifyouclonedyourself—theclonewouldbethesameageasyouare.（F）
（=Ifyouclonedyourself,theclonewouldbeginlikeanyotherbabyasasingle-celledorganismandtakeninemonthsbeforeitwasborn.）
TypesofCloning
Creation
Genecloning
ItcreatescopiesofgenesorsegmentsofDNA.
Reproductivecloning
Itcreatescopiesofwholeanimals.
Therapeuticcloning
Itcreatesembryonicstemcells.
PartDivisionoftheText
Parts
Para（s）
MainIdeas
1
1~4
ThewriterrelatesunderwhatcircumstancesthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwassetup.
2
5~23
Thewritergivesanaccountoftheirresearcheffortstowardthegoalofcreatinglinesofembryonicstemcellsusingaprocessknownastherapeuticcloning.
3
24~27
Thewritertellsabouthisattitudetowardscriticismsagainstusingembryosforscientificresearch.
ReproductivecloningVSTherapeuticcloning
TypesofCloning
Purpose
Effects
Reproductivecloning
（=Tocreateanexactcopyofananimalorhumanthatalreadyexistsorhasexisted）
Themajorityofreproductiveclonesareabnormal,withveryhighmiscarriagerates,veryhighstillbirthrates,fetalanomalies,deathsoonafterbirth,etc.
Therapeuticcloning
Toharvestembryonicstemcellsforuseinmedicaltreatments
（=Therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginhumanbeings.）
I.DifficultSentences
1.Sadly,shedevelopedcomplicationsrelatedtodiabetes.Whenshelosthereyesightandmostofherabilitytowalk,itwasabsolutelyhorrifyingforme.
Whatdoes“complications”specificallyreferto?
（=Itreferstothediseasesderivedfromdiabetes,likethelossofeyesightandbeingunabletomove.）
（=不幸的是，她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。
当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时，我惊恐万状。
）
2.IfoundedthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwithanothergentlemanwhosefatherhaddiedofALS.
Whatisincommonbetweenthetwofounders?
（=Theybothlosttheirparenttoaterribledisease.）
3.Itwouldjustbeabsolutelywrongtotakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend.
1）Whatistherealsubjectofthesentence?
（=“totakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend”.）
2）WhatisDr.Woodtalkingabout?
（=He’stalkingabouttheterribleaspectsofreproductivecloning.）
4.Ontheotherhand,therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginrealhumanbeingswhoaregoingthroughsomeawfulthings.
1）Whatare“someawfulthings”?
（=Terriblepaingeneratedbydiseases.）
2）WhatisDr.Wood’sattitudetowardstherapeuticcloning?
（=Heholdsapositiveattitudetowardsit.）
5.There’sreallynoeffectivewayforanindividualscientisttostopsomeoneelsefromusingtheknowledgeforsomethingtheyshouldn’t.
1）Whatdoes“somethingtheyshouldn’t”mean?
（=Itmeanshumanreproductivecloning.）
2）AccordingtoDr.Wood,isitpossibletostophumanreproductivecloning?
（=No.Hehonestlythinksthatsomeonewillattempthumanreproductivecloningandthereisnowaytostopit.）
6.Iwouldhopethatthelegislationthat’sinplaceandthegreatpublicdisapprovalthatwouldresultfromanyattempttocloneahumanwoulddissuadeanyonefromgoingdownthatpath.
1）Paraphrase“legislationthat’sinplace”.（=Appropriatelegislation.）
2）Whatisthepublicagainst?
（=Thepublicisagainsttheattempttocloneahuman.）
7.Intheendwedecidedthatwewantedtoputahumanfaceoncloning.
1）Paraphrasethesentence.（=Atlastwedecidedthatwewantedtoassociatecloningwithaspecificpersonsoastomakeitveryreal.）
2）WhydidDr.Woodandhisresearchgroupputahumanfaceoncloning?
（=Becausebydoingso,theycouldmakecloningveryrealsothatpeoplearoundtheworldknowthatcloningiscomingalong.）
8.WhenIlookeddownandsawthatclonedblastocyst,itbroughttearstomyeyes.
1）HowdidDr.Woodfeelatthattime?
（=Hefeltveryexcitedandemotional.）
2）Whydidthesightoftheclonedblastocystbringtearstohiseyes?
（=Becausetheresearchwasdoneforhismother,andherealizedthatifshehadonlybeenabletoliveafewyearslonger,maybetheycouldhaveusedthistechnologytohelpher.）
9.Wewouldhavelovedtohavebeenabletoavoiddestroyingthem.
1）What’sthegrammaticalfeatureofthissentence?
（=Thesubjunctivemood.）
2）HowdidDr.Woodthinkaboutdestroyingthem?
（=Hethoughtitwasapity.）
10.Itdoesn’tmakesensetomethatit’ssuchanemotionalandcontentioustopic.
1）Dopeoplealreadyhaveanagreementonthistopic?
（=No.It’sstilldisputable.）
2）WhydoesDr.Woodarguethatitdoesn’tmakesensetomaketheirworkanemotionalandcontentioustopic?
（=Becausehethinksthatlogically.Accordingtohim,anembryoisnotlife,althoughitisapotentiallife.Thevastmajorityofembryosneverbecomelife—theyjustgenerate,don’timplantanddie.）
II.Words&Expressions
clone:
1.n.agroupofgeneticallyidenticalcellsororganismsderivedfromasinglecellorindividualbysomekindofasexualreproduction
-Researchersproducedclonesfromadultmicein1998.
2.v.makemultipleidenticalcopiesof
-Thedebatecontinuesoverwhetheritisethicallyrighttocloneahumanembryo.
-Manycarslookalikebecausetheirmakersclonedtheircompetitors’designs.
brilliant:
adj.ofsurpassingexcellence
-Hehasgotbrilliantachievementsinthefieldofphysics.
-她很有才华，但工作缺乏条理。
（=Sheisbrilliantbutherworklacksorganization.）
CF:
bright,clever&brilliant这三个词都是形容词，都有“聪明的”、“才思敏捷的”之意。
bright是普通用语，多指年轻人或小孩，常用于口语，书写语言不宜多用。
强调理解力强，思维非常活跃，谈话与态度也活泼生动。
例如：
-Ihaveamongmystudentsanumberofverybrightyoungsters.（=我的学生当中有许多十分聪明的孩子。
）
clever更强调天生的聪颖，有较高的理解力、思维敏捷、思路灵活，接受新东西快，但不强调理解得深刻全面。
这个词也指灵活的双手与矫健的身躯。
例如：
-Itwascleverofyoutothinkofthat.（=你想到了那一点，真聪明。
）
brilliant指才华出众，超乎寻常的聪明，能解决各种复杂问题且游刃有余，获得普遍赞赏。
例如：
-Allhiscolleaguesconsiderhimabrilliantsurgeon.（=他的同行都认为他是一位杰出的外科医生。
）
complication:
n.
1）anydiseaseordisorderthatoccursduringthecourseof（orbecauseof）anotherdisease
-Complicationssetin,andthepatientdied.
2）theactorprocessofcomplicating
-Thecarranoutpetrol,andasafurthercomplication,Ihadnomoney!
-更麻烦的是他不肯坐飞机旅行。
（=Afurthercomplicationwashisrefusaltotravelbyair.）
fraud:
n.
1）intentionaldeceptionresultingininjurytoanotherperson
-Thousandsofcreditcardfraudsarecommittedeveryyear.
-Hecombedthroughthefilessearchingforevidenceoffraud.
2）apersonwhomakesdeceitfulpretenses
-Hesaidhewasaninsurancesalesman,butlatershediscoveredhewasafraud.
CF:
deception,fraud&trickery这三个词都是名词，都有“欺骗”之意。
deception应用范围极广，可指从小到大的多种欺骗行为。
语气最温和时，它指必要的危害不大的欺骗行为。
它最令人反感的意思是指为了私利而行骗。
fraud常指“复杂的、非个人的，对来者或一般公众的欺骗行为”，着重指官方的欺骗行为或财政舞弊。
“fraud”有时也用于认为无用东西的夸张描写。
trickery在语气上比“deception”更严厉，用于个人或公众的行为，指以有步骤的诡计来追求私利或达成目的。
Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.Alanddevelopmentfraudbankruptedadozenofelderlycouples.
2.Itwasaninnocentdeception,meantasajoke.
3.Shereferredtothepillsassweets,aharmlessdeceptionthatmadeiteasiertoadministerthemtothechild.
4.Thefilmwasatotalfraud.
5.Theypracticedtrickeryontheirfair-weatherfriendsinordertoseemricherandmorefamousthantheywere.
focuson:
centerupon
-Hehasgivenuprunninginordertofocusonthelongjump.
-我们将集中讨论自由和必要性之间的关系这一问题。
（=We’regoingtofocusontherelationshipbetweenfreedomandnecessity.）
standpoint:
n.amentalpositionfromwhichthingsareviewed
-Let’slookatthisfromahistoricalstandpoint.
-Hasthematterbeenviewedfromthetaxpayers’standpoint?
issue:
n.pointinquestion,importanttopicfordiscussion
-Don’tworryaboutwhowilldoit—that’sjustasideissue.
-我们之间毫无问题。
（=Therewasnoissueatallbetweenus.）
CF:
problem,question&issue这三个词都是名词，都有“问题”之意。
problem是客观存在的等待解决的问题，着重困难，有
时指要求解答的题目。
例如：
-Howtoexploitthenaturalresourcesofourcountryisacomplicatedproblem.（=如何开发我国的自然资源是一个复杂的问题。
）
question是对某事怀疑因而提出等待“回答”的问题，着重疑惑和不能断定。
例如：
-Whichwayisbetterstillremainsanopenquestion.（=哪个办法好仍是一个未能肯定的问题。
）
issue是指意见不能达成一致的“问题”，着重分歧和争端。
例如：
-Canyoudistinguishthemajorissuesfromth
升级会员 