美国文学选读复习资料.docx
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美国文学选读复习资料
AmericanPuritanism殖民地时期
（roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th）
一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明•富兰克林
作品：
1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言历书》---ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthevalueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.
2、TheAutobiography《自传》---“美国梦”的根源
3、参与起草《独立宣言》
浪漫主义AmericanRomanticism
TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfrom theendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.
ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism
TheyoungRepublicwas flourishing intoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.
TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.
The desireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.
TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.
Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics:
moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.
二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
---poet, short story writer and literary critic （48 poems,70 short stories）
He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”
He was father of psychoanalytic criticism （心理分析批评）, and the detective story. 诗歌的精髓就是追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
The Poetic Principle :
1. The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting;
2. Beauty （the rhythmical creation of beauty）;
3. Melancholy 忧伤（especially the death of a beautiful woman）.
代表作：
The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia 《莉盖亚》
Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》
The Raven 《乌鸦》
The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothic novel
人物：
蒙特利瑟Montresor, 弗图纳多Fortunato ，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
三．爱默生
Emerson= ThechiefspokesmanofNewEngland Transcendentalism 超验主义
Hewasadescendent（后裔）ofalonglineofNewEngland clergymen牧师【pastor】.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
AmericanTranscendentalism
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism（alsoknownas“ AmericanRenaissance”）flourshedinNewEngland fromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesin EmersonandThoreau. TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.
Transcendentalism 超验主义（+H.D.Thoreau;NathanielHawthorne;）
ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:
1TheTranscendentalistsplaced emphasisonspirit, orthe Oversoul, asthemostimportantthinginthe universe.思想超灵宇宙
2TheTranscendentalistsstressedthe importanceoftheindividual. Tothem,the individualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会
③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafresh perceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝
代表作：
Nature《论自然》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson ；
Self-Reliance 《论自助》 ---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一一 The American Scholar《论美国学者》 ；
The Over-soul 《论超灵》
四、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑 --- effected by 超验主义
He was born into a prominent Puritan family.
One of the most ambivalent（矛盾的）writers in the American literary history.
主要成就：
美国心理分析小说的开创者 浪漫主义小说家 心理小说家
代表作：
Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》;
Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》;
The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》;
The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter.
Theme:
Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.
The Scarlet Letter《红字》 ：
Hester Prynne---strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, maternal figure;
Pearl---innocent, perceptive;
Roger Chillingworth---a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story;
Arthur Dimmesdale---intelligent and emotional.
[Symbolism in his works
Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterpiece, by using
Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has
brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the
biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best ]
symbolists.
五、Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
The early sailing experiences were rewarding.
代表作：
White Jacket 《白外衣》
Billy Budd《毕利·伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
Moby Dick 1851 《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（ 《熊》 福克纳、《老人与海》 海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔）
[Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world
in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless. Man in this
universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile.
Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. The idea that man can make
the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly. Moby Dick thus
reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life:
loneliness and suicidal
individualism in a self-styled democracy.
（a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism）
Symbolism in Moby Dick：
---It is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.
---Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social
and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale,
Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.]
六．H.D.Thoreau 梭罗andhiswork
Walden 瓦尔登湖notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.
七．HenryWadsworthLongfellow 朗费罗
FeaturesofLongfellow’spoeticworks
1）lChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.
2）lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.
3）lConventionalstyleandsubjects
4）lGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.
5）lSimplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。
传统派，励志型。
诗集：
《夜吟》VoicesoftheNight
《歌谣及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha
诗歌：
《我射出一支箭······》IShotanArrow...
APsalmofLife《生命颂/人生颂》---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
八、Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.），The first edition of Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》 was published in 1855.
In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that
concerned him.
Writing features of Whitman
---A singer for the ideals of equality, democracy and human dignity.
---Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, the independence of the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln. ---Free verse, rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.
诗歌：
《我歌唱自我》One's Self I Sing
《噢，船长！
我的船长！
》O Captain!
My Captain!
九、Emily Dickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）---I Died for Beauty, because I could not stop for Death.
美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。
宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点
）
Whitman:
society
Dickinson:
inner life of the individual
Most of her poems are about death and immortality. Nature is to her both benevolent and cruel.
Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.
Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.
作品：
《要描绘一片草原······》 To Make a Prairie
《最美妙的胜利感觉》 Success Is Counted Sweetest
《我是无名之辈》 I'm Nobody!
The Age of Realism
[The war led many to question the assumptions shared by the transcendentalists ---- natural goodness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God. It taught men that life was not
good, man was not and God was not.
As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the
American literary writing known as The Age of Realism. ]
The three dominant figures of the period:
William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry James
James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society.
Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.
Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.
Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the
Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”
of man.
十、Mark Twain 马克·吐温
Writing:
humor and loc
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