新托福词汇分类突破101.docx
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新托福词汇分类突破101
新托福词汇分类突破101-135
101
Movementmayoccuralsoindirectresponsetoanoutsidestimulus;thus,ataponthekneecausesajerk,andalightshoneintotheeyemakesthepupilcontract.Theseinvoluntaryresponsesarecalledreflexes.
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oinresponseto[in][ris5pCns][tu:
]prep.相应，回应stimulus[5stimjulEs]n.刺激stimulate/spur/inspire/encourage/simulatet-tingtap[tAp]n.轻打jerk[dVE:
k]n.抽搐pupil[5pju:
pl]n.瞳孔contract[kCn5trAkt]v.收缩reflex[5ri:
fleks]n.反射reflection/retrospection/spectator/prospective/perspective/spectacularly/
102
Muscularcontractionsdonotalwayscauseactualmovement.Asmallfractionofthetotalnumberoffibersinmostmusclesareusuallycontracting.Thisservesto
maintainthepostureofalimbandenablesthelimbtoresistpassiveelongationorstretch.Thisslightcontinuouscontractioniscalledmuscletone.
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ocontraction[kEn5trAkFEn]n.收缩fraction[5frAkFEn]5mQsl][tEun]n.肌肉弹性，肌肉张力
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CirculatorySystem
Inpassingthroughthesystem,bloodpumpedbytheheartfollowsawindingcoursethroughtherightchambersoftheheart,intothelungs,whereitpicksupoxygen,andbackintotheleftchambersoftheheart.Fromtheseitispumpedintothemainartery,theaorta,whichbranchesintoincreasinglysmallerarteriesuntilitpassesthroughthesmallest,knownasarterioles.Beyondthearterioles,thebloodpassesthroughavastamountoftiny,thin-walledstructurescalledcapillaries.Here,thebloodgivesupitsoxygenanditsnutrientstothetissuesandabsorbsfromthemcarbondioxideandotherwasteproductsofmetabolism.Thebloodcompletesits
circuitbypassingthroughsmallveinsthatjointoformincreasinglylargervesselsuntilitreachesthelargestveins,theinferiorandsuperiorvenaecavae,whichreturnittotherightsideoftheheart.Bloodispropelledmainlybycontractionsoftheheartandarteries;contractionsofskeletalmusclealsocontributetocirculation.Valvesintheheartandintheveinsensureitsflowinonedirection.
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ocirculatorysystem[sE:
kju5leitEri][5sistEm]n.循环系统pump[pQmp]v.输送winding[5waindiN]adj.弯曲的chamber[5tFeimbE]n.心室pickup[pik][Qp]v.获得oxygen[5aksidVEn]n.氧气artery[5B:
tEri]n.动脉aorta[ei5C:
tE]n.大动脉arteriole[B:
5tiEriEu]n.微动脉vast[vB:
st]adj.大量的capillary[kA5pileri]n.毛细血管giveup[…v][Qp]v.把…输送到…nutrient[5nu:
triEnt]n.营养物质tissue[5tisu:
]n.组织absorb[Eb5sC:
b]v.吸收carbondioxide[5kB:
bEn][dai5Cksaid]n.二氧化碳metabolism[me5tAbElizEm]n.新陈代谢circuit[5sE:
kit]n.一圈vein[vein]n.静脉vessel[5vesl]n.血管inferior[in5fiEriE]adj.处于下方的superior[su:
5piEriE]adj.处于上方的venaecavae[5vi:
ni:
][5kivi:
]n.腔静脉（singular:
vena[5vi:
nE]cava[5ki:
vE]）propel[prE5pel]v.推动oppose/opposite/propose/prop/propelcirculation[7sE:
kju5leiFEn]n.循环valve[vAlv]n.瓣膜
104
ImmuneSystem
Thebodydefendsitselfagainstforeignproteinsandinfectiousmicroorganismsbymeansofacomplexdualsystemthatdependsonrecognizingaportionofthesurfacepatternoftheinvader.Thetwopartsofthesystemaretermedcellularimmunity,inwhichlymphocytesaretheeffectiveagent,andhumoralimmunity,basedontheactionofantibodymolecules.
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o生物dualsystem[5du:
El][5sistEm]n.双重系统recognize[5reki
aiz]v.认出invader[in5veidE]n.侵入物invasionlymphocyte[5limfEsait]n.淋巴细胞agent[5eidVEnt]n.作用物rockdebriscellularimmunity[5seljulE][i5mju:
niti]n.细胞免疫humoralimmunity[5hju:
mErEl][i5mju:
niti]n.体液免疫antibodymolecule[5Anti7bCdi][5mClikju:
l]n.抗体分子
105
Lymphocytes,whichresemblebloodplasmaincomposition,aremanufacturedinthebonemarrowandmultiplyinthethymusandspleen.Theycirculateinthe
bloodstream,penetratingthewallsofthebloodcapillariestoreachthecellsofthetissues.Whenparticularlymphocytesrecognizeaforeignmolecularpattern（termedanantigen）,theyreleaseantibodiesingreatnumbers.Antibodiesattachthemselvestotheantigenandinthatwaymarkthemfordestructionbyothersubstancesinthebody’sdefensearsenal.Theseareprimarilycomplement,acomplexofenzymesthatmakeholesinforeigncells,andphagocytes,cellsthatengulfanddigestforeignmatter.
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oresemble[ri5zembl]v.类似like/similar/same/parallel/assemble/ensembleplasma[5plAzmE]n.血浆bonemarrow[bEun][5mArEu]n.骨髓multiply[5mQltipli]v.增加multithymus[5WaimEs]n.胸腺spleen[spli:
n]n.脾circulate[5sE:
kjuleit]v.循环penetrate[5penEtreit]v.穿透antigen[5AntidVEn]n.抗原antibody[5Anti7bCdi]n.抗体attachto[E5tAtF][tu:
]v.把...放在arsenal[5B:
sEnEl]n.武器库complcombineswithhemoglobinintheredbloodcellsandiscarriedtothetissues.Inhalingdrawsintothelungsairthatishigherinoxygenandlowerincarbondioxide;exhalingforcesfromthelungsairthatishighincarbondioxideandlowinoxygen.Changesinthesizeandgrosscapacityofthechestarecontrolledbycontractionsofthediaphragmandofthemusclesbetweentheribs.
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orespiratorysystem[res5pErEtC:
ri][5sistEm]n.呼吸系统lung[lQN]n.肺hemoglobin[7hi:
mE5
EubEn]n.血色素inhale[in5heil]v.吸气exhale[eks5heil]v.呼气grosscapacity[Eus][kE5pAsEti]n.总容量chest[tFest]n.胸腔diaphragm[5daiEfrAm]n.隔膜rib[rib]n.肋骨
107
DigestiveandExcretorySystems
Afterfoodisbrokenintofragmentsbychewingandmixedwithsaliva,digestionbegins.Thefoodpassesdownthegulletintothestomach,wheretheprocessiscontinuedbythegastricandintestinaljuices.Thereafter,themixtureoffoodandsecretions,calledchyme,ispusheddownthealimentarycanalbyperistalsis,rhythmiccontractionsofthesmoothmuscleofthegastrointestinalsystem.Absorptionofnutrientsfromchymeoccursmainlyinthesmallintestine;
unabsorbedfoodandsecretionsandwastesubstancesfromtheliverpasstothelargeintestinesandareexpelledasfeces.Waterandwater-solublesubstancestravelviathebloodstreamfromtheintestinestothekidneys,whichabsorballtheconstituentsofthebloodplasmaexceptitsproteins.Thekidneysreturnmostofthewaterandsaltstothebody,whileexcretingothersaltsandwasteproducts,alongwithexcesswater,asurine.
excretory[eks5kri:
tEri]adj.排泄的
ofragment[5frA
Ent]n.碎片
ochj.肠胃的absorption[Eb5sC:
pFEn]n.吸收nutrient[5nu:
triEnt]n.营养物质smallintestine[smC:
l][in5testEn]n.小肠wastesubstance[weist][5sQbstEns]n.废物liver[5livE]n.肝脏largeintestine[lB:
dV][in5testEn]n.大肠expel[iks5pel]v.排出feces[5fi:
si:
z]n.粪便water-soluble[5wC:
tE][5sCljubl]adj.可溶于水的via[5vaiE]prep.通过kidney[5kidni]n.肾constituent[kEn5stitFuEnt]n.成分excrete[iks5kri:
t]v.分泌,排泄urine[5juErin]n.尿
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TheEndocrineSystem
Inadditiontotheintegrativeactionofthenervoussystem,controlofvariousbodyfunctionsisexertedbytheendocrineglands.Animportantpartofthissystem,thepituitary,liesatthebaseofthebrain.Thismasterglandsecretesavarietyof
hormones.Theposteriorlobeofthepituitarysecretesvasopressin,whichactsonthekidneytocontrolthevolumeofurine.Otherglandsintheendocrinesystemarethepancreas,whichsecretesinsulin,andtheparathyroid,whichsecretesahormonethatregulatesthequantityofcalciumandphosphorusintheblood.
endocrine[5endEukrEn]adj.o
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opituitary[pE5tu:
iteri]v.大脑垂体secrete[si5kri:
t]v.分泌hormone[5hC:
mEun]n.荷尔蒙posterior[pCs5tiEriE]adj.后面的，尾部的post/interior/exteriorposteriorlobe[pCs5tiEriE][lEub]n.后叶vasopressin[7veizEu5presin]n.血管加压素，血压激素pancreas[5pANkriEs]n.胰腺insulin[5insElEn]n.胰岛素parathyroid[7pArE5WairCid]adj.甲状旁腺regulate[5re…uleit]v.控制calcium[5kAlsiEm]n.钙phosphorus[5fasfErEs]n.磷
109
TheReproductiveSystem
Reproductionisaccomplishedbytheunionofmalespermandthefemaleovum.Incoitus,themaleorganejaculatesmorethan250millionspermintothevagina,fromwhichsomemaketheirwaytotheuterus.Ovulation,thereleaseofaneggintotheuterus,occursapproximatelyevery28days;duringthesameperiodtheuterusispreparedfortheimplantationofafertilizedovumbytheactionofestrogens.Ifamalecellfailstounitewithafemalecell,otherhormonescausetheuterinewalltosloughoffduringmenstruation.Frompubertytomenopause,theprocessof
ovulation,andpreparation,andmenstruationisrepeatedmonthlyexceptforperiodsofpregnancy.
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oreproduction[7ri:
prE5dQkFEn]n.生殖，繁殖accomplish[E5kCmpliF]v.完成sperm[spE:
m]n.精子ovum[5EuvEm]n.卵子coitus[5kEuitEs]n.性交ejaculate[i5dVAkjuCf]v.脱落menstruation[7menstru5eiFEn]n.月经期间puberty[5pju:
bEti]n.青春期
menopause[5menEpC:
z]n.绝经期
opregnancy[5pre
Ensi]n.怀孕o
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Theinnerlayeroftheskin,calledthedermis,containssweatglands,bloodvessels,nerveendings,andthebasesofhairandnails.Theouterlayer,theepidermis,isonlyafewcellsthick;itcontainspigments,pores,andducts,anditssurfaceismadeofdeadcellsthatitshedsfromthebody.Thesweatglandsexcretewasteandcoolthebodythroughevaporationoffluiddroplets;thebloodvesselsofthedermissupplementtemperatureregulationbycontractingtopreservebodyheatand
expandingtodissipateit.Separatekindsofreceptorsconveypressure,temperature,andpain.Fatcellsinthedermisinsulatethebody,andoilglandslubricatetheepidermis.
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odermis[5dE:
mEs]n.真皮nail[neil]n.指甲epidermis[7epE5dE:
mEs]n.上皮pigment[5pi
Ent]n.色素pore[pCr]n.毛孔duct[dQkt]n.管：
管状体shed[Fed]v.脱落，蜕（皮），脱（毛）excrete[iks5kri:
t]v.分泌，排泄evaporation[i7vApE5rei
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