Unit one and nine.docx

Unit one and nine.docx

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Unitoneandnine

UnitOneLegalEducation

legaleducationistheeducationofindividualswhointendtobecomelegalprofessionalsorthosewhosimplyintendtousetheirlawdegreetosomeend,eitherrelatedtolaworbusiness,itincludes:

firstdegreesinlaw,whichmaybestudiedateitherundergraduateorgraduateleveldependingonthecountry,vocationalcourseswhichprospectivelawyersarerequiredtopassinsomecountriesbeforetheymayenterpractice,higheracademicdegrees

legaleducationindifferentcountries

inadditiontoqualificationsrequiredtobecomeapracticinglawyer,legaleducationalsoencompasseshigherdegreessuchasdoctorates,formoreadvancedacademicstudy.

inmanycountriesotherthantheUnitedStates,lawisanundergraduatedegree,Graduatesofsuchaprogramareeligibletobecomelawyersbypassingthecountry'sequivalentofabarexam.Insuchcountries,graduateprogramsinlawenablestudentstoembarkonacademiccareersorbecomespecializedinaparticularareaoflaw.

IntheUnitedStates,lawisagraduatedegree,whichstudentsembarkupononlyaftercompletinganundergraduatedegreeinsomeotherfield（usuallyabachelor'sdegree）,andisconsideredtobeagraduateofprofessionalschoolprogram.Theundergraduatedegreecanbeinanyfield,thoughmostAmericanlawyersholdbachelor'sdegreesinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;legalstudiesasanundergraduatestudyisavailableatafewinstitutions.Americanlawschoolsareusuallyanautonomousentitywithinalargeruniversity.

Facultyoflawisanothernameforalawschoolorschooloflaw,thetermscommonlyusedintheUnitedStates.ThistermisusedinCanada,othercommonwealthcountriesandtherestoftheworld.Itmaybedistinguishablefromlawschoolinthesensethatafacultyisasubdivisionofauniversityonthesamerankwithotherfaculties,i.e.facultyofmedicine,facultyofgraduatestudies,whereasalawschoolorschooloflawmayhaveamoreautonomousstatuswithinauniversity,ormaybetotallyindependentofanyotherpost-secondaryeducationalinstitution.

Inadditioninsomecountries,includingtheUnitedKingdom,CanadaandsomestatesofAustralia,thefinalstagesofvocationallegaleducationrequiredtoqualifytopracticelawarecarriedoutoutsidetheuniversitysystem.

Theeducationalprerequisitestobecomingalawyerindifferentcountries

Insomecountries,lawistaughtbyafacultyoflaw,whichisadepartmentofauniversity’sgeneralundergraduatecollege.LawstudentsinthosecountriespursueaMasterorBachelorofLawsdegree.Insomecountriesitiscommonorevenrequiredforstudentstoearnanotherbachelor’sdegreeatthesametime.NoristheLL.B（BachelorofLaw）thesoleobstacle;itisoftenfollowedbyaseriesofadvancedexaminations,apprenticeships,andadditionalcourseworkatspecialgovernmentinstitutes.

Inothercountries,particularlytheUnitedStates,lawisprimarilytaughtatlawschools.IntheUnitedStatesandcountriesfollowingtheAmericanmodel,（suchasCanadawiththeexceptionoftheprovinceofQuebec）lawschoolaregraduate/professionalschoolswhereabachelor’sdegreeisaprerequisiteforadmission.Mostlawschoolsarepartofuniversitiesbutafewareindependentinstitutions.LawschoolsintheUnitedStates（andsomeinCanadaandelsewhere）awardgraduatingstudentsaJ.D.（JurisDoctor/DoctorofJurisprudence）（asopposedtotheBachelorofLaws）asthepractitioner’slawdegree.However,likeotherprofessionaldoctorates（includingtheM.D.）,theJ.D.isnottheexactequivalentofthePh.D.,sinceitdoesnotrequirethesubmissionofafulldissertationbasedonoriginalresearch.Manyschoolsalsoofferpost-doctorallawdegreessuchastheLL.M（LegumMagister/Masteroflaws）,ortheS.J.D.（ScientiaeJuridicaeDoctor/DoctorofthescienceofLaw）forstudentsinterestedinadvancingtheirknowledgeandcredentialsinaspecificareaoflaw.

Themethodsandqualityoflegaleducation

Somecountriesrequireextensiveclinicaltrainingintheformofapprenticeshipsorspecialclinicalcourses.Othersdonot,likeVenezuela.Afewcountriesprefertoteachthroughassignedreadingsofjudicialopinions（thecasebookmethod）followedbyintensein-classcross-examinationbytheprofessor（theSocraticMethod）.Manyothershaveonlylecturesonhighlyabstractlegaldoctrines,whichforcesyounglawyerstofigureouthowtoactuallythinkandwritelikealawyerattheirfirstapprenticeship（orjob）.

TheCasebookMethod

Thecasebookmethod,alsoknownasthecasemethod,istheprimarymethodofteachinglawinlawschoolsintheUnitedStates.ItwaspioneeredatHarvardLawSchoolbyChristopherColumbusLangdell.Itisbasedontheprinciplethatratherthanstudyinghighlyabstractsummariesoflegalrules（thetechniquestillusedinmostcountries）,thebestwayt