语言学专业笔记.docx

语言学专业笔记.docx

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语言学专业笔记

Linguistics

Chapter1Introduction:

LanguageandLinguistics

●Whatislanguage?

⏹Differentdefinitionsoflanguage

◆Languageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.（deSaussure,1916）

◆[Languageis]aset（finiteorinfinite）ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.（Chomsky,1957）

◆Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.

⏹Eachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspectsoftheessenceoflanguage,butallofthemhaveleftoutsomething.Wemustseethemulti-facetednatureoflanguage.

⏹Asisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

●Featuresofhumanlanguage

⏹Creativity

◆Languageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.

◆Thegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.

⏹Duality

◆Languagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

◆Certainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.

◆Certainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.

⏹Arbitrariness

◆Therelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.

◆Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.

⏹Displacement

◆Thereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.

◆Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.

⏹Culturaltransmission

◆Culturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.

◆Languageisawayoftransmittingculture.

⏹Interchangeability

◆Allmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.

⏹Reflexivity

◆Humanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.

◆Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.

●Functionsoflanguage–threemeta-functions

⏹Theideationalfunction

◆Toidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.

⏹Theinterpersonalfunction

◆Togetalonginacommunity.

⏹Thetextualfunction

◆Toformatext.

●Typesoflanguage

⏹Geneticclassification

⏹Typologicalclassification

◆Analyticlanguage–noinflectionsorformalchanges,grammaticalrelationshipsareshownthroughwordorder,suchasChineseandVietnamese

◆Syntheticlanguage–grammaticalrelationshipsareexpressedbychangingtheinternalstructureofthewords,typicallybychangingtheinflectionalendings,suchasEnglishandGerman

◆Agglutinatinglanguage–wordsarebuiltoutofalongsequenceofunits,witheachunitexpressingaparticulargrammaticalmeaning,suchasJapaneseandTurkish

●Themythoflanguage–languageorigin

⏹TheBiblicalaccount

◆LanguagewasGod’sgifttohumanbeings.

⏹Thebow-wowtheory

◆Languagewasanimitationofnaturalsounds,suchasthecriesofanimals,likequack,cuckoo.

⏹Thepooh-poohtheory

◆Languagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoy.

⏹Theyo-he-hotheory

◆Languagearosefromthenoisesmadebyagroupofpeopleengagedinjointlabouroreffort–liftingahugehuntedgame,movingarock,etc.

⏹Theevolutiontheory

◆Languageoriginatedintheprocessoflabourandansweredthecallofsocialneed.

●Whatislinguistics?

⏹Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

◆Observing&questioning

◆Formulatinghypotheses

◆Verifyingthehypotheses

◆Proposingatheory

⏹Branchesoflinguistics

◆Internalbranches:

intra-disciplinarydivisions

●Phonetics

●Phonology

●Morphology

●Syntax

●Semantics

◆Externalbranches:

inter-disciplinarydivisions

●Pragmatics

●Psycholinguistics

●Sociolinguistics

●Appliedlinguistics

●Computationallinguistics

●Neurolinguistics

⏹Featuresoflinguistics

◆Descriptive

◆Dealingwithspokenlanguage

◆Synchronic

Chapter2Phonetics

●Whatisphonetics?

⏹Phoneticsistermedasthestudyofspeechsounds.

⏹Sub-branchesofphonetics

◆Articulatoryphonetics–theproductionofspeechsounds

◆Acousticphonetics–thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds

◆Auditoryphonetics–theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds

●Thespeechorgans

⏹Wheredoestheairstreamcomefrom?

◆Fromthelung

⏹Whatisthefunctionofvocalcords?

◆Controllingtheairstream

⏹Whatarethecavities?

◆Oralcavity

◆Pharyngealcavity

◆Nasalcavity

●Transcriptionofspeechsounds

⏹Unitsofrepresentation

◆Segments（theindividualsounds）

⏹Phoneticsymbols

◆ThewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）.

◆TheIPAattemptstorepresenteachsoundofhumanspeechwithasinglesymbolandthesymbolsareenclosedinbrackets[]todistingu