植物病害标本的采集制作与保存Collection making and preservation of plant disease specimens.docx

植物病害标本的采集制作与保存Collection making and preservation of plant disease specimens.docx

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植物病害标本的采集制作与保存Collectionmakingandpreservationofplantdiseasespecimens

植物病害标本的采集制作与保存（Collection,makingandpreservationofplantdiseasespecimens）

Collection,makingandpreservationofplantdiseasespecimens

Plantdiseasespecimensareindispensableintheteachingofplantpathologyinhigheragriculturalcolleges.Theyareintuitiveandfreefromseasonalandregionalrestrictionsinteaching.Therefore,thecollection,manufactureandpreservationofplantdiseasespecimensareessentialknowledgeandskillsintheexperimentalteachingofplantpathology.

1collectionofplantdiseasespecimens

Inthenorth,becauseofthedistinctseasonsandrichvarietiesofcrops,plantdiseasesoccurfrequently,andmostplantdiseasespecimenscanbecollectedfromthefields.However,theoccurrenceofdiseasehasacertainregularity,anditisnecessarytofullygrasptheseasonalpatternofdiseaseoccurrenceandthegrowthofhost,inordertoharvestsymptomstypicalsamples.

1.1toolsforcollectionofdiseasespecimens

Plantdiseaseoccursmostlyinroot,stem,leafandfruit,sothetoolsusedfordifferentparts,commonlyusedtoolknife,scissors,hoe,saws,andspecimenclamp,specimenbox,paper,smallspecimensofglassbottles,paperbags,labelsandrecordsetc..

1.2collectionofspecimens

Fieldcollectionwasdividedintoseasoncollectionandhostcollection.Seasonalcollectionisbasedondiseasesthatoccuronlyonceinaparticularperiodoftheyear.Suchaspowderymildewwithsexualstage,wheatpowderymildewcanbecollectedeveryyearin5-6months;thegraymoldofplantiseasytocomeintobeingundertheconditionoflowtemperatureandrain,anditiseasiesttopickupevery3-5months.Accordingtothehostacquisitionmainlyforawiderangeofhostdiseasessuchasdownymildew,canbefoundintheleavesofmanyplantdiseases,commonwithlettuce,grapes,cabbageetc.;epidemicdiseasessuchastomatoandpotato,pepperetc..

1.3recordsofspecimenscollected

Inordertodistinguishthedifferentspecimenscollected,recordsshouldberecordedduringcollection.Itmainlyincludesthename,timeandplaceofthehost,thenameofthecollector,themainoccurrenceandthenecessaryecologicalenvironmentfactors.

2productionofplantdiseasespecimens

Afterthespecimenwascollectedandremovedasthespecimensforisolation,thespecimenswereusuallypreservedbydryordippingmethods,andtheoriginalcharactersofthespecimenscouldbepreservedasmuchaspossible.Somesmallcanbemademoredifficulttokeeptheglassspecimen,andspecialspecimensthroughmultimediasystemorscanningmicroscopesystemintothecomputer,madethecorrespondingstyleofgraphics,animation,videoetc..

2.1specimendryingmethod

2.1.1pressingmethod.Plantdiseasespecimencollected,ifafterdryingeasyroll（suchasriceleaf）,thebestwithminingpressure.Theotherscanbeplacedinthecollectingboxandcarriedbackandthenpressedintotheabsorbentpaper.Thespecimenisclampedandthesunisdried.Inthemeantime,alwaysreplacespecimenpaper.Summertemperatureandhumidityhigher,easytosamplemildew,discoloration,specimenpapershouldbereplacedfrequently.Usually,theformer3~4Dischanged1~2times/d,andthe2~3dischanged1timeslater,untilthesampleiscompletelydried.

2.1.2hotdrymethodorsilicageldryingmethod.These2methodscanbeusedwithoutpreparationasaseparatespecimen.Inordertospeedupthedryingofspecimensandthespecimensbetterkeeptheoriginalcolor,canbejustthesamplesputironsbackandforthrapidlyhotdryortheloadingoftoiletpaperandsilicapowderofdriedspecimensofcliptieinthewaterofpaperorcloth,placedintheovenat502~3D,whichisfastdrying.

2.1.3microwaveovendryingandcolorretentionmethod.Inordertomakeupforthedeficiencyofhotdryingmethod,LiuChunyuanetal.（2003）reportedasetofmicrowavedryingandcolorretentionmethodaccordingtothetextureofplantdiseasespecimens.Thismethodisfastdryingandhasbettercolorretentioneffect.Itcanbepreservedforalongtimewithoutfading.Suchaslegumediseaseleavestreatment1min,theeffectisbest,thesymptomsarewellpreserved.

2.1.4freezedryingmethod.Isabettermethodatpresent.Thespecimensaredriedinthepresenceoffreezingandalmostcompletelyretaintheiroriginalcolorandshape.

2.1.5naturaldryingmethod.Specimenswithlittlemoisture,suchasbranchesandstems,etc.,donotneedtobedriedbyanymeans.Theycanbedriednaturallyintheair.

2.2impregnatedspecimenmakingmethod

Forthefruitdiseasesanddiseasesaswellasjuicyfleshyascomycetesandbasidiomycetesfruitingbodiescanbepreservedbyimpregnationmethod.However,thismethodaccountsforlargeareaandlimitedstoragetime,andcanonlybeusedtopreservesmallamount