词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1.docx

词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1.docx

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词汇学ParadoxOxymoronIrony举例1

Paradox

Definition:

Astatementthatseemsimpossibleatfirstbutactuallymakessense.

Examples

Darkknowsdaylight

"Darkknowsdaylight"isanexampleofparadoxbecausedarkanddaylightareopposites,andyetheretheyhavesomethingincommon.

HotunderstandsCold

"Hotunderstandscold"isanexampleofparadoxbecausehotandcoldareopposites,butyetthestanzasaysthattheyunderstandeachother.Thisisaparadoxbecausethestanzadoesn'tseemtomakesense.However,aparadoxpoemwillexplainhowtwooppositeorveryunlikethingscanberelatedinsomeway.

Darkandlight

Darkrememberslight,

Thedaytheyseparated,

Theytrytobefriends,but

can't.

Darkdoesn'tlikelight

Theirfriendshipnolongerexists.

ByAlex

NIGHTREMEMBERSLIGHT

Nightremembersthelightofa

newborn

star.

Nightremembershowheheld

thelittle

star,

Andnowyoucansee

thestar,

Muchbiggernow

fornowitis

thesun.

ByRachel

Forexample:

"IknowthatIknownothing."Knowing"knownothing"isknowingsomethingthuscannotbe"knownothing".Thislogicisself-contradictory,butonecanknowthattheyknownothing.

Irony

Tosaysomethingthatistheoppositeofthetruth.Inascarymoviewhentheaudienceknowsthatakillerisinthehouse,buttheownersinthehousedon'tknowit.

Atarestaurantthereisaflyfloatinginacustomer'ssoupandthecustomersays,"Mmmmm.Insectsoup,myfavorite!

"

Whenwatchingatalkshow,theaudienceknowswhyapersonhasbeenbroughtontheshow.However,thepersonsittinginthechairdoesnotknowthatheisgoingtobereunitedwithaformerlover.

Youbreakadatewithyourgirlfriendsoyoucangototheballgamewiththeguys.Whenyougoouttotheconcessionstand,yourunintoyourdatewhoistherewithanotherguy.

Youstayupallnightstudyingforatest.Whenyougotoclass,youdiscoverthetestisnotuntilthenextday.

Youarearguingwithyourmother,whoreprimandsyouforbeing"smart."Yourreplyissarcastic,"IfyouthinkIamsmart,thenwhywon'tyouletmemakesomesmartdecisions?

"

Yourboyfriendshowsupinrippedjeansandastainedt-shirt.Withasmirk,yousay,"Oh!

Iseeyoudressedupforourdate.Wemustbegoingtoanicerestaurant!

"

TheaveragecostofrehabilitatingasealaftertheExxonValdezoilspillinAlaskawas$80,000.Ataspecialceremony,twoofthemostexpensivelysavedanimalswerereleasedbackintothewildamidcheersandapplausefromonlookers.Aminutelater,theywerebotheatenbyakillerwhale.

Aboyandhisfriendsaretalkingtrashabouttheprincipal,andtheprincipalisstandingrightaroundthecornerlistening.

TerroristKhayRahnajetdidn'tpayenoughpostageonaletterbomb.Itcamebackwith"returnwithsender"stampedonit.Forgettingitwasthebomb,heopeneditandwasblowntobits.

TwoanimalrightsactivistswereprotectingthecrueltyofsendingpigstoaslaughterhouseinBonn.Suddenlythepigs,alltwothousandofthem,escapedthroughabrokenfenceandstampeded,tramplingthetwohaplessprotestorstodeath.

Irony:

aleadingpartofhumor.Ironyisusingwordstoexpresssomethingcompletelydifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Usually,someonesaystheoppositeofwhattheymeanandthelistenerbelievestheoppositeofwhattheysaid.

Verbalirony,includingsarcasm

Verbalironyisdistinguishedfromsituationalironyanddramaticironyinthatitisproducedintentionallybyspeakers.Forinstance,ifaspeakerexclaims,“I’mnotupset!

”butrevealsanupsetemotionalstatethroughhervoicewhiletrulytryingtoclaimshe'snotupset,itwouldnotbeverbalironybyvirtueofitsverbalmanifestation（itwould,however,besituationalirony）.Butifthesamespeakersaidthesamewordsandintendedtocommunicatethatshewasupsetbyclaimingshewasnot,theutterancewouldbeverbalirony.Thisdistinctiongetsatanimportantaspectofverbalirony:

speakerscommunicateimpliedpropositionsthatareintentionallycontradictorytothepropositionscontainedinthewordsthemselves.Thereareexamplesofverbalironythatdonotrelyonsayingtheoppositeofwhatonemeans,andtherearecaseswhereallthetraditionalcriteriaofironyexistandtheutteranceisnotironic.

Ironicsimilesareaformofverbalironywhereaspeakerdoesintendtocommunicatetheoppositeofwhattheymean.Forinstance,thefollowingexplicitsimileshavetheformofastatementthatmeansPbutwhichconveysthemeaningnotP:

ashardasputty

asfunnyascancer

asclearasmud

aspleasantasrootcanaltreatment

assharpasamarble

asstraightasacircle

Theironyisrecognizableineachcaseonlybyusingstereotypicalknowledgeofthesourceconcepts（e.g.,mud,root-canals）todetectanincongruity.

Afairamountofconfusionhassurroundedtheissuere