Bernard Etkin, Lloyd Duff Reid - Dynamics of Flight_ Stability and Control (3rd Edition)-Wiley (1995).pdf

Bernard Etkin, Lloyd Duff Reid - Dynamics of Flight_ Stability and Control (3rd Edition)-Wiley (1995).pdf

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THIRDEDITIONDynamicsofFlightStabilityandControlBERNARDETKINUniversityProfessorEmeritusInstituteforAerospaceStudiesUniversityofTorontoLLOYDDUFFREIDProfessorInstituteforAerospaceStudiesUniversityofTorontoJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.NewYorkChichesterBrisbaneTorontoSingaporeTHIRDEDITIONDynamicsofFlightStabilityandControlBERNARDETKINUniversityProfessorEmeritusInstituteforAerospaceStudiesUniversityofTorontoLLOYDDUFFREIDProfessorInstituteforAerospaceStudiesUniversityofTorontoJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.NewYorkChichesterBrisbaneTorontoSingaporeACQUISITIONSEDITORCliffRobichaudASSISTANTEDITORCatherineBeckhamSENIORPRODUCTIONEDITORCathyRondaCOVERDESIGNERLynnRoganMANUFACTURINGMANAGERSusanStetzerILLUSTRATIONCOORDINATORGeneAielloThisbookwassetinTimesRomanbyGeneralGraphicServices,andprintedandboundbyHamiltonPrintingCompany.ThecoverwasprintedbyHamiltonPrintingCompany.Recognizingtheimportanceofpreservingwhathasbeenwritten,itisapolicyofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.tohavebooksofenduringvaluepublishedintheUnitedStatesprintedonacid-freepaper,andweexertourbesteffortstothatend.Thepaperinthisbookwasmanufacturedbyamillwhoseforestmanagementprogramsincludesustainedyieldharvestingofitstimberlands.Sustainedyieldharvestingprinciplesensurethatthenumberoftreescuteachyeardoesnotexceedtheamountofnewgrowth.Copyright631996,byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.ReproductionortranslationofanypartofthisworkbeyondthatpermittedbySections107and108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightActwithoutthepermissionofthecopyrightownerisunlawful.RequestsforpermissionorfurtherinformationshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataEtkin,Bernard.Dynamicsofflight:

stabilityandcontrol1BernardEtkin,LloydDuffReid.-3rded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences（p.）.ISBN0-471-03418-5（cloth:

alk.paper）1.Aerodynamics.2.Stabilityofairplanes.I.Reid,LloydD.11.Title.95-20395CIPPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaTothemenandwomenofscienceandengineeringwhosecontributionstoaviationhavemadeitadominantforceinshapingthedestinyofmankind,andwho,withsensitivivandconcern,developandapplytheirtechnologicalartstowardbetteringthefuture.PREFACEThefirsteditionofthisbookappearedin1959-indeedbeforemoststudentsreadingthiswereborn.Itwaswellreceivedbothbystudentsandpracticingaeronauticalen-gineersofthatera.Thepaceofdevelopmentinaerospaceengineeringduringthedecadethatfollowedwasextremelyrapid,andthiswasreflectedinthesubjectofflightmechanics.Thefirstauthorthereforesawtheneedatthetimeforamoread-vancedtreatmentofthesubjectthatincludedtherealityoftheroundrotatingEarthandtherealunsteadyatmosphere,andhypersonicflight,andthatreflectedtheexplo-sivegrowthincomputingpowerthatwasthentakingplace（andhasnotyetended!

）.Theresultwasthe1972volumeentitledDynamicsofAtmosphericFlight.Thattreat-mentmadenoconcessionstotheneedsofundergraduatestudents,butattemptedrathertoportraythestateoftheartofflightmechanicsasitwasthen.Tomeettheneedsofstudents,asecondeditionofthe1959bookwaslaterpublishedin1982.Itisthatvolumethatwehaverevisedinthepresentedition,althoughinanumberofde-tailswehavepreferredthe1972treatment,anduseditinstead.Wehaveretainedthesamephilosophyasinthetwoprecedingeditions.Thatis,wehaveemphasizedbasicprinciplesrootedinthephysicsofflight,essentialanalyti-caltechniques,andtypicalstabilityandcontrolrealities.Wecontinuetobelieve,asstatedintheprefacetothe1959edition,thatthisisthepreparationthatstudentsneedtobecomeaeronauticalengineerswhocanfacenewandchallengingsituationswithconfidence.Thiseditionimprovesonitspredecessorsinseveralways.Itusesarealjettrans-port（theBoeing747）formanynumericalexamplesandincludesexercisesforstu-dentstoworkinmostchapters.Welearnedfromasurveyofteachersofthissubjectthatthelatterwasasinequanon.Workingouttheseexercisesisanimportantpartofacquiringskillinthesubject.Moreover,somedetailsinthetheoreticaldevelopmenthavebeenmovedtotheexercises,anditisgoodpracticeinanalysisforthestudentstodothese.Studentstakingacourseinthissubjectareassumedtohaveagoodbackgroundinmathematics,mechanics,andaerodynamics,typicalofamodemuniversitycourseinaeronauticaloraerospaceengineering.Consequently,mostofthisbasicmaterialhasbeenmovedtoappendicessoasnottointerrupttheflowofthetext.ThecontentofChapters1through3isverysimilartothatofthepreviousedi-tion.Chapter4,however,dealingwiththeequationsofmotion,containstwoverysignificantchanges.Wehavenotpresentedthenondimensionalequationsofmotion,buthaveleftthemindimensionalformtoconformwithcurrentpractice,andwehaveexpressedtheequationsinthestatevectorformnowcommonlyused.Chapter5,onstabilityderivatives,isalmostunchangedfromthesecondedition,andChapters6and7dealingwithstabilityandopenloopresponse,respectively,differfromtheirpredecessorsmainlyintheuseoftheB747asexampleandintheuseofthedimen-sionalequations.Chapter8,ontheotherhand,onclosedloopcontrol,isverymuchexpandedandalmostentirelynew.Thisisconsistentwiththemuchenhancedimpor-tanceofautomaticflightcontrolsystemsinmodernairplanes.WebelievethattheviiviiiPrefacestudentwhoworksthroughthischapteranddoestheexerciseswillhaveagoodgraspofthebasicsofthissubject.Theappendicesofaerodynamicdatahavebeenretainedasusefulmaterialforteachersandstudents.Thesamecaveatsapplyasformerly.Thedataarenotintendedfordesign,butonlytoillustrateordersofmagnitudeandtrends.Theyareprovidedtogivestudentsandteachersreadyaccesstosomedatatouseinproblemsandprojects.Weacknowledgewiththankstheassistanceofourcolleague,Dr.J.H.deLeeuw,whoreviewedthemanuscriptofChapter8andmadeanumberofhelpfulsugges-tions.Onapersonalnote-asthefirstauthorisnowinthe1lthyearofhisretirement,thisworkwouldnothavebeenundertakenhadLloydReidnotagreedtocollaborateinthetask,andifMayaEtkinhadnotencouragedherhusbandtotakeitonandsup-portedhimincarryingitout.Inturn,thesecondauthor,havingusedthe1959editionasastudent（withthefirstauthorassupervisor）,the1972textasaresearcher,andthe1982textasa.teacher,wa,sbothpleasedandhonoredtoworkwithBernardEtkininproducingthismostrecentGtrsionofthebook.Toronta;BernardEtkinDecember,1994LloydDuffReidCONTENTSCHAPTERiIntroduction1.1TheSubjectMatterofDynamicsofFlight11.2TheToolsofFlightDynamicists51.3Stability,Control,andEquilibrium61.4TheHumanPilot81.5HandlingQualitiesRequirements111.6AxesandNotation15CHAPTER2StaticStabilityandControl-Part1GeneralRemarks18SynthesisofLiftandPitchingMoment23TotalPitchingMomentandNeutralPoint29LongitudinalControl33TheControlHingeMoment41InfluenceofaFreeElevatoronLiftandMoment44TheUseofTabs47ControlForcetoTrim48ControlForceGradient51Exercises52AdditionalSymbolsIntroducedinChapter257CHAPTER3StaticStabilityandControl-Part23.1Maneuverability-ElevatorAngleperg603.2ControlForceperg633.3InfluenceofHigh-LiftDevicesonTrimandPitchStiffness643.4InfluenceofthePropulsiveSystemonTrimandPitchStiffness663.5EffectofStructuralFlexibility723.6GroundEffect743.7CGLimits743.8LateralAerodynamics763.9WeathercockStability（YawStiffness）773.10YawControl803.11RollStiffness813.12TheDerivativeC,833.13RollControl863.14Exercises893.15AdditionalSymbolsIntroducedinChapter391CHAPTER4GeneralEquationsofUnsteadyMotion4.1GeneralRemarks934.2TheRigid-BodyEquations93xContentsEvaluationoftheAngularMomentumh96OrientationandPositionoftheAirplane98EulersEquationsofMotion100EffectofSpinningRotorsontheEulerEquations103TheEquationsCollected103DiscussionoftheEquations104TheSmall-DisturbanceTheory107TheNondimensionalSystem115DimensionalStabilityDerivatives118ElasticDegreesofFreedom120Exercises126AdditionalSymbolsIntroducedinChapter4127CHAPTER5TheStabilityDerivativesGeneralRemarks129TheaDerivatives129TheuDerivatives131TheqDerivatives135The&Derivatives141ThePDerivatives148ThepDerivatives149TherDerivatives153SummaryoftheFormulas154AeroelasticDerivatives156Exercises159AdditionalSymbolsIntroducedinChapter5160CHAPTER6StabilityofUncontrolledMotionFormofSolutionofSmall-DisturbanceEquations161LongitudinalModesofaJetTransport165ApproximateEquationsfortheLongitudinalModes171GeneralTheoryofStaticLongitudinalStability175EffectofFlightConditionontheLongitudinalModesofaSubsonicJetTransport177LongitudinalCharacteristicsofaSTOLAirplane184LateralModesofaJetTransport187ApproximateEquationsfortheLateralModes193EffectsofWind196Exercises201AdditionalSymbolsIntroducedinChapter6203CHAPTER7ResponsetoActuationoftheControls-OpenLoop7.1GeneralRemarks2047.2ResponseofLinearIInvariantSystems2077.3ImpulseResponse210ContentsxiStep-FunctionResponse213FrequencyResponse214LongitudinalResponse228ResponsestoElevatorandThrottle229LateralSteadyStates237LateralFrequencyResponse243ApproximateLateralTransferFunction