旧托福听力听写必备.docx

旧托福听力听写必备.docx

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旧托福听力听写必备

旧托福听力PartC

2004年8月

演讲1：

I’dliketosharewithyoutodaymyexperiencewithanewapproachtobuildingahouse.It’scalledEnvelopBuilding.Essentially,whatitmeansisthatasyouarebuildingahouse,youtrytoleavethelandscapefeatureontheland,especiallythevegetationintheoriginalcondition.Sowhatyouarenotdoingistheusualpracticeoflandscraping.BywhichImeanliterallyscrapingorcleaningthelandofanyandalltheoriginalplants.WhyistheapproachcalledEnvelopBuilding?

Becauseinsteadofclearingeverythingaway,youletyouroriginallandscapeelementsenveloporsurroundyourhouse.Letthevegetationphysicalfeaturessuchashillsandslopesorinterestingrockformations,constitutedasignificantpartofthecharacterofthebuildingsight.Thedesignofthehouseshouldtakethesefeaturesofthepropertyintoaccount.Actuallyintegratingyouroriginalwildlandscapewithahouseisnotthatnew.ThefamousAmericanarchitectWrightwasdoingitabout65yearsago.Soweareingoodcompany.EnvelopBuildingisnotaseasyasitsoundsthough.It’snotjustthatyoubuildyourhouseandleavethelandalone.Bybuilding,youarealreadydamagingtheoriginallandscape.Butasarchitects,weshouldtrytoworkwithenvironment,notagainstit.Acreativearchitectcanfindwaystoincorporatenaturallandscapeintotheoveralldesign.Forexample,whyusedthemassivebouldersonthesideofoneofthemostfamoushousesaspartofthehousefoundation?

演讲2：

Todaywearegoingtotalkaboutcopyrightingworksofart.Acopyrightisaproofofauthorship.Itprotectsartistsagainstsomeoneelseusingtheirworkwithouttheirpermission.It’simportanttorememberthatUnitedStatesCopyrightLawprotectsartisticexpressionssuchaspaintings,butdoesnotprotectanyideas,concept,procedureortechnique.InalltheUnitedStatesCopyrightLaw,Artistsneededtotakeseveralstepstoobtaincopyrightprotection.Thelawaschangedin1978andagain1989.Forartiststhecurrentlawmeanseverythingtheycreateisautomaticallyandimmediatelycopyrighted.Theydon’thavetofileanydocumentsandundertheprotectionoftheCopyrightLaw,anyrecreationoftheiroriginalworksuchasprintsarealsocoveredbytheartistscopyright.Furthermore,anychangesartistsmadetotheiroriginalworksarecovered.TheLawalsomakesitclearthatwhensomeonebuystheworkofart,theyarenotallowedtodestroyorchangethatworkofart.Artistskeepthecopyrightevenaftersellingtheworkofart.Thepurchasermaybuythephysicalwork,buttherighttomakeprintsorcopiesisstilltheartists’andbuyersdoesnotautomaticallyhaveanyrighttomakeandsellprintsorcopiesofwork.Althoughworksareautomaticallycopyrighted,artistsareencouragedtoregistertheirworkwithUnitedStatesCopyrightOffice.Registeringartprovidesadditionallegalprotectionandalsogivesthepeoplearoundtheworldtheabilitytoapproachthehonorsaboutlicensingandpurchasingright.

演讲3：

Todaylet’stalkaboutsynesthesia,that’sabrainconditioninwhichaperson’ssense  arecombinedinaunusualways.Forexample,apersonwithsynesthesiamaytastesounds.Tothem,amusicalnotemaytastelikeapickle.Manypeoplewhohavesynesthesiaexperienceintensecolorswhentheyhearspecificwords.Forexample,theymightseeaflashofpinkeverytimetheyheartheword“jump”.Foralongtime,manyscientistswereunconvincedthatsynesthesiareallyexists.Sointhe1990sanexperimentwasdonetofindourforsure.Twogroupswerestudied.Onewasagroupofpeoplewhoclaimtoexperiencecolorswhentheyheardcertainwords.Theotherwasacontrolledgroup,peoplewhoexperiencenothingoutoftheordinarywhenhearingwords.Eachgroupwasaskedtodescribethecolorstheythoughtofwhentheyheardalistofspokenwords.Whenthetestwasrepeated,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupswasstartling.Afterjustaweek,thecontrolledgroupgavethesameanswersonlyathirdofthetime.Butevenayearandahalflater,thesynestheticgroupgavethesameanswers92%ofthetime.Clearly,thisisnotjustamatterofmemory.Scientistsarestillnotsurejustwhysynesthesiahappens.Butcertaindrugsarereportedlyabletoproduceitartificially.Soweallprobablyhavebrainswithconnectionsthatcouldsynesthesia.It’sjusttheconnectionsnormallyweusedinthatway.

2004年5月

演讲1：

Todaylet’sconsidertheneutrinoandtheresolvesofsomeexperimentsdowninthe1995attheLosAlamosnationallaboratoryinNewMexico,whichbearontheneutrino.Theseresolvessuggestthatthislittleparticledoesindeedhavemassthattinybettobesurebutmeasurablebytheverysensitiveinstrumentsofthatlab.Theneutrino’soriginhasalwaysbeenaninterestingcase,thoughacasenotunusualinthehistoryofphysics.Asyouknow,ordinarilyscientificobservationprecedesscientifictheory.Oceantideswereobserved,oceantideswereexplained;gravityisobserved,gravityisexplained.However,let’sconsiderwhathappenedintheneutrino’scase.Whentheneutrinowasproposedoversixtyyearsago,itwasaconvenientfiction.Scientistshadnotobservedsuchaparticlenorevenasafact.Sowhatletthemtoconceiveofthisimaginaryobject?

Theyhadbeenwritingequationsaboutneutrondecayinwhichtheenergyamountsoneachsideoftheirequationswereunequal.Inordertokeepthisenergyamountsthesameonbothsidesoftheequations,theyaddedlittleparticlenamedneutrinoandgaveitpreciselyenoughenergytobalancetheequationsandtheloanbeholdyearslater.Aboutthirty-fiveyearsagorealneutrinoswerefound.Nowwehavethemorerecentdevelopments.Originally,theneutrinowasthoughtnottohaveanymassatall.ButLosAlamosexperimentsseemtodisprovethispremise.Theyindicatedthatneutrinosdohavemass—aboutone-millionththemassofelectron.

演讲2：

TheforestsofNewEnglandconstitutedbothareresourceandbarrierforthefirstBritishsettlerswhoreachtheseshores.Inadditiontothemaples,firs,oaksandbircheswerewhitepineswhosescientificnameisPinusstrobus.Thesewhitepineswerestraightandtall,perfectforuseasmastsonthesailingshipsofthetime.Britainhadusedupitssupplyofmasttrees,soiseagerforthisproductofitsyoungcolony.BythefirstloadofmastsreachedBritainin1634andBritainwasmarveledthesizeofthetrees,whichhaddiametersofupto4feetatthewideend.Foreveryyardofmastheight,thebodyendneededtobeoneinchindiameter.In1705,Britainpassedalawstatingthatallwhitepinesover24inchesatthebodyendwerereservedfortheuseofking’snavy.Suchtreesweremarkedbyblazingtheking’sarrowsymbolonthetreewiththreecutsofthehatchet.Thesetreeswereselectedbythesurveyorgeneral,whoseworkoftenmetwithresistancesofcolonists.

演讲3：

NowtheAustraliajumpingspiderasyoucanimagegotitsnameforitsabilitytoleap.Butitcanswimtoo.What’smostinterestingthoughisitsabilitytousetryanderrortacticswhensolvingproblems.Nowthejumpingspiderattacksandeatsotherspiders.It’llsitattheedgeofanotherspider'swebandattractthespiderbytappingoutdifferentsignalstomimicthestrugglesofatrappedinsectandit’llkeepchangingthesignalstillsuccessfullylureditspreyout.Well,toseeifthejumpingspidercouldapplythesameproblemsolvingtechnique,tryanderrortounfamiliarsituations,scientistsconductedanexperiment.Theyfieldatrapfullofwaterandthenputsomesandinthemiddle,likeanisland.Inbetweentheislandandtheedgeofthetrap,theyputarock.Whentheyputthespiderontheisland,sometriedjumpingtotherock,andsometriedswimming.Allthespidersthatsuccessfullyreachedtherockeitherbyjumpingorbyswimmingusethesamemethodtomakeitfromtherocktotheedgeofthetree.Ifthespiderfailedtoreachtherock,itwasplacedbackontheisland,butthenexttimetheytrytoleave,spidersdidoppositeofwhateverdidn’tworkthefirsttime,leapingifithadswum,orswimmingifithadleaped.Soweseethespidersusingthesametryanderrorincrossingthewaterastheyusedinhunting.

04年1月：

演讲1：

I’mgoingtopassthispieceofamberaroundsoyoucanseethisspidertrappedinsideit.It’sagoodexampleofamber-inclusion,oneoftheinclusionsthatscientistsareinterestedinthesedays.Thisparticularpieceisestimatedtobeabout20millionyearsold.Pleasebeextremelycarefulnottodropit.Ambershattersaseasilyasglass.OnethingIreallylikeaboutamberisitsbeautifulgoldencolor.

Now,howdoesthespidergetinthere?

Amberisreallyfossilizedtreeresin.Lotsofchunksofambercontaininsectslikethisoneoranimalpartslikefeathersorevenplants.Hereishowithappens.Theresinoozesoutofthetreeandthespiderorleafgetsincasedinit.Overmillionsandmillionsofyears,theresinhardensandfossilizesintothesemipreciousstoneyouseehere.

Amberscanbefoundinmanydifferentplacesaroundtheworld.ButtheoldestdepositsarerighthereintheUnitedStates,inAppalachian.It’sfoundinseveralothercountries,too,thoughrightnowscientistsaremostinterestedinambercomingfromtheDomincianRepublic.Becauseithasagreatanyinclusions,somethinglikeoneinsectinclusionforeveryonehundredpieces.Onepossibleexplanationforthisitthattheclimateistropicalandagreatervarietyofnumberofinsectsthriveintropicsthaninotherplaces.What’sreallyinterestingisthescientistsarenowabletorecoverDNAfromthesefossilsandstudythegeneticmaterialforimportantcluestorevolution.

演讲2：

Nowwe’vebeentalkingabouttherevolutionar