法律英语讲义.docx

法律英语讲义.docx

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法律英语讲义

法律英语

EnglishfortheLegalProfession

主讲：

葛云锋

适用年级：

英语专业三年级

山东师范大学

2007.7

CONTENT

ChapterOneDefinitionandClassification

I.DefinitionofLaw

Howdoyougivethedefinitionoflaw?

Twominutesforyoutohaveadiscussion.

Purposeoflaw:

____________________________________________________

Function:

________________________________________________________

Thelawbringsaboutchangesinoursocietyandsocietybringsaboutchangesinthelaw.Inthissenselawisboth___________________________________________________________.（法律既是转变的工具又是转变的结果）

II.ClassificationofLaw

Figureouttheequivalentsofthefollowingnamesoflaw,andthenputthemintodifferentgroups.

1）Constitutionallaw____________________

2）Criminallaw_______________________

3）Civillaw______________________

4）____________________行政法

5）Lawofcontract________________________

6）____________________土地法

7）___________________商法

8）____________________劳动法

9）_____________________公司法

10）____________________税法

11）Internationallaw_________________

12）_________________侵权法

13）Equity______________________

14）Arbitrationlaw______________

15）propertylaw__________________

16）intellectualpropertylaw_________________

17）anti-dumpinglaw_____________________

Publiclawandprivatelaw（公法和私法）

Publiclawincludeslawsthataffectthepublicgenerally.

Forexample,________________________

Privatelawdealswiththerelationshipsbetween_____________inanorganizedsociety.

Forexample:

__________________

Substantivelawandprocedurallaw（实体法和程序法）

Substantivelawconcernsthelawdealingwiththefactsofthecaseitself,suchasthelawoftorts,productliability,corporations,orcontracts.

Procedurallawestablishestherulesforenforcingoradministratinglaw.Itinvolvesissuesofevidence,appeals*,etc.Proceduralrulesensurethatatrialisfairandtimely.Ifajuror*isbiased,heorshecanbedismissed.Ifevidencehasbeenobtainedimproperly,forexample,falseevidenceorevidenceobtainedwithoutavalidsearchwarrant*,proceduralrulesensurethatitwillnotbeadmittedincourt.Proceduralrulesalsogovernwhetherornotthecourthasthepowertohearacase.TakethefamousCaseofSimpsonasanexample.

Abstractofthecase:

OrenthalJamesSimpsonwasanAmericanfootballstar,who,afterhisdivorcewithNicole,stilllovedher.Onenight,NicoleandhernewboyfriendGoldmanwerefoundtobekilledinfrontofNicole’shouse,andSimpsonwassuspectedofkillingthem.Later,enoughevidencewasfoundbythepolicetoprovehisguilt.However,inordertomaketheevidencemoredefinitude,thepolicefabricated*aglovewiththebloodofSimpsonandNicole,anditlaterwasprovedtobeforgerybythecounselforthedefense*.

Ifyouwerethejudge,howwouldyoudecideonthecase?

Asaresult,alltheevidencethepolicecollectedbeforewasruledtobeinvalid,andSimpsonwassentencedinnocent.

III.Caseanalysis

Apoliceofficercannotjustwalkuptoyourhouseanddemandtobeletintosearchforanythingthatmightbeillegal.Hemustgetawarrantfromajudgefirstthatbasicallysayswhattheofficerislookingforandwhereheofficerwilllook.Andevenwithwarrants,theofficermustknockonthedoorofahouseandannouncethattheyarepoliceofficers,asheardinmanyfilms:

“Openup.It’sthepolice!

”Thisiscalledthe“knockandannounce”principle（“敲门并声明”原那么）.

ReadthefollowingcaseofWilsonv.Arkansas,andanswerthefollowingquestions.

Facts:

ArkansasundercoveragentsboughtillegaldrugsfromSharlenWilson.PoliceofficerswerethengivenwarrantstosearchMs.Wilson’shouseandtoarresther.However,whenthepoliceofficersarrivedatMs.Wilson’shouse,theydiscoveredthatthefrontdoorwasopen.Thepoliceofficeropenedthescreendoor,whichwasunlocked,andwalkedintothehouse.Astheyentered,theysaidtheywerepoliceofficersandthattheyhadawarrant.“Onceinsidethehome,theofficersseizedmarijuana（大麻）,methamphetamine（脱氧麻黄碱）,valium（镇定安息药）,narcoticsparaphernalia（镇定剂器具）,agun,andammunition.TheyalsofoundWilsoninthebathroom,flushingmarijuanadownthetoilet.”

Attorney’sreasoning:

Becausethepolicehadnotknockedonthedoorandannouncedtheirpresence,Ms.Wilson’sattorneymoved*tosuppress*theevidence.,thedrugsandgun）thatthepolicefoundintheirsearch.Theattorneymaintainedthatthepolicehadviolatedthecommonlaw“knockandannounce”principlerequiredbytheFourthAmendment’sreasonablesearchandseizureclause.

Homework:

1.Whatlawsareinvolvedinthecase?

2.Ifyouwerethejudge,howwouldyoudecideonthecase?

Ruling:

Nevertheless,thecommonlawprinciplewasneverstatedasaninflexiblerulerequiringannouncementunderallcircumstances.Countervailing*lawenforcementinterests----including,.,thethreatofphysicalharmtopolice,thefactthatanofficerispursingarecentlyescapedarrestee,andtheexistenceofreasontobelievethatevidencewouldlikelybedestroyedifadvancenoticeweregiven----mayestablishthereasonablenessofanunannouncedentry.

NewWordsandExpressions

appealv.（常与to连用）上诉；诉诸于

.appealadecisiontoahighercourt不服裁决提出上诉

jurorn.陪审员,

warrantn.搜寻许可证

fabricatevt.捏造,伪造

.tofabricateadocument

Theyfabricatedevidenceandthreatenedwitnesses.

counselforthedefense辩护律师

movev.Tomakeformalapplicationto（acourt,forexample）.

向…提出动议；申请,正式（如向法庭）提出请求

suppressv.notallowsth.tobeusedinatrial不予采纳…

countervailvt.补偿,抵销

ChapterTwoLawyersandJudges

Doyouknowthedifferentnamesoflawyers?

Doyouknowthedifferencesamongthem?

（Lawyer,attorney,counselor,counsel,barrister,solicitor）

I.Lawyers

1.Differenttypesoflawyers

Lawyer:

__________________________________

Attorney:

________________________________

Counselorandcounsel:

____________________________________________

Barrister（British）:

_____________________________________________

Solicitor:

____________________________________________

Triallawyer__________________________________________________.

Office-practicelawyer________________________________________.

Manyoffice-practicelawyersneverparticipateinalawsuit,butleavelitigationtotriallawyers.

Generalpractitioner___________________________________________________________

Housecounsel:

_______________________________________

2.Differentroleslawyersplayinthesociety.

1）Theyareadvisors.

Theymayofferadviceonlegalmatters,businessdecisionsandfamilyaffairs.

2）Advocates（辩护人）fortheirclients.

3）Negotiatorsofcompromise.

II.Judgesandjustices

1.Qualificationsofbeingajudgeorjustice

1）character:

___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

2）situationsajudgeshouldtrytoavoid:

Heshouldavoidacontroversyinwhichheoranearrelativehasaninterest.

Heshouldnotbeswayedbypublicclamororconsiderationofpersonalpopularity.

2.Rolesofjudgesinthecourt

1）conductthetrial

2）decidequestionsofprocedures

3）instructthejuryontheapplicablelaw

4）ifacaseistriedwithoutajury,thejudgealsofindsthefacts.

3.Differencesbetweenjudgesandjustices

1）Judgeswhodecidecasesonappealarecalledjustices.

2）Unliketrialjudges,justicesrarelyhaveanycontactwithlitigants.

3）Trialjudgesgainknowledgeforhisdecisionfromdirectcontactwiththelitigants.

4）Justicesstudybriefs,therecordofproceedings,andthelawbeforepreparingandhandingdownhisdecisions.

5）Justicesdomuchmorethansimplydecideacase.Theyarerequiredtogivethereasonsfortheirdecisioninwrittenform,becauseeachdecisionwillbecomeprecedentandwillbecomeapartofthebodyoflaw.Inthissense,thejusticeisalaw-maker.

6）Indecidingthecasebeforehim,thejusticemustconsidernotonlytheresultbetweenthepartiesinvolvedbutthetotaleffectofhisdecisiononsociety.

Newwordsandexpressions

litigation:

n.诉讼

advocate:

n.辩护人

jury:

n.陪审团

compromise:

n.妥协

ChapterThreeSourcesofEnglishLaw

Wheredolawscomefrominyourlegalsystem?

Howdolawsinyourlegalsystemcomeintobeing?

I.PrincipalsourcesofEnglishlaw

Legislation

LegislationisenactedlawandtheultimatelegislatorisParliament.Theenactmentsofparliamentarenotsubjecttoquestion.Nomatterhowperverseor“wrong”thelawsmadebytheparliamentare,thecourtsareboundtoapplythem.

Question:

DoesitmeanthatcourtshavenoinfluenceonlawslegislatedbyParliament?

Ifithasinfluence,inwhatwaydoyouthinkcourtsinfluencethelegislationofParliament?

Thecourtsaretheinterpretersanddeclarersofthelaw.Themeaningofwordsisseldomself-evident;theywilloftenbeartwo,orevenmore,possibleinterpretationsandhencethecourtsmustalwaysexerciseaconsiderabledegreeofcontroloverthepracticalapplicationofstatutes（enactmentsofParliament）.Takealookatthefollowingcase:

SupposethatOldKingColecommandsthatall“dogs”inhiskingdomaretobekilled.SupposethatJackSprat,oneofhissubjects,whohasanAlsatian（法国阿尔萨斯）wolfhound（猎狼犬）,appliestothecourtsforadecreethatitshallbespared,allegingthatitisa“hound”andthattheroyalcommandisonlyconcernedwith“dogs”.Thecourtwillhavetodecidewhethertheword“dogs”istobetakentoembrace“hounds”.

Whicheverwayitdecides,itwillinfluencethepracticalapplicationoftheKing’scommand.

Judicialprecedent

Incommonlawsystem,thedecisionsofcourtsareregardedas“precedents”whichsubsequentcourtswillfollowwhentheyarecalledupontodetermineissuesofasimilarkind.T