GRE阅读课件.docx
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GRE阅读课件
Ⅰ逻辑基础:
前提如何判断?
because,for,as,dueto,onaccountfor,attributeto,by,inviewof,given
dependon,relyon,baseon,…beresponsiblefor,blame…for
结论如何判断?
therefore,thus,so,hence,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,forthisreason,find,itfollowsthat…,itcanbeinferredthat…
whichindicates/demonstrates/shows/suggests/proves/means/impliesthat…
特殊前提和结论标志
1.预设前提(前提肯定为真):
know/since/presuppose/presumably
2.假设(前提或结论真假不知):
assume/hypothesize/posit/postulate
3.条件句(真假不知)
逻辑推理reasoning
演绎法:
从一般到个别
/前提真则结论真
归纳法:
从个别到一般/从个别到个别
/前提真结论不一定真
假说演绎:
已知--假想(实验/研究)--证明或证伪–解释差异
文章中的逻辑推理(画每篇文章的逻辑图)
论题topic
论点(结论)conclusion
论据(前提)premise
论证(逻辑推理)reasoning
论题如何判断?
1.位置:
注意开头句(或开头段)
2.特点:
事实陈述(讲个故事/提个人/讲个现象/提个问题)/解释个概念/老观点
3.有时论题和论点合一
区分全文主论点/从论点/分论点
Ⅱ快速阅读:
•预判出题点
•因果关系
•举例论证
•让步转折
•比较关系
•判断句
判断句
•1.注意系动词
•2.情态动词:
can,cannot,may,might
•3.感情色彩词:
adj.,adv.,v.,n.
•4.假言判断(条件句)
•充分条件标志:
if/when/provided/whenever/ifonly/every/all/any/inorderto/to
•必要条件标志:
then/only/onlyif/must/haveto/necessary/require/no,none(在句子开头)
unless/except/until/without
举例论证
•关键是确定论点位置
•believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist/assert/hold/contend/emphasize/makethepoint
•bechallenged/discredited/undermined/obscured
•列举:
多个例子(a,b,andc)
让步转折
•让步:
虽然/尽管/诚然/的确/确实/似乎
•转折:
•unfortunately
•but,yet,however
•inreality,actually,infact
•nevertheless,nonetheless
•instead
比较关系
•比较级(no)more/less¡¡.than
•类比as¡.as,thesameas,similarto/parallel,analogous/share/both/common
•对比incontrast/beopposedto/difference/respectively/distinction/disparate/without/avoid
•时间对比
其它
•平行关系词:
first,second,moreover
•唯一性:
only,sole(ly),unique(ly),exclusive(ly),alone
•强调词:
notably,surprisingly,especially/频率最高级(always,never),程度最高级(foremost,uttermost)/onefeature,keycharacteristic
•矛盾词:
paradoxically,ironically,illogically,oddly,curiously
•标点符号:
引号,破折号,冒号,括号
•专有名词:
人名,物种,化学物质
•详略分配
出题点详读/具体陈述略读:
•史实(史实要素是时间地点人物事件,可略读的是事件,题目一般就会出现时间地点人物,可做定位标志)
•数据(单个数据要读懂¡ª如果读的时候不记住不好定位;多个数据可以略读)
•列举(列举项的内容尽量读,动脑记住)
•举例(一般考例子的目的,例子本身略读/但是呼应的例子必须读懂,第1段出现,隔了几段又出现这个例子,一定要详读)
•首句或首段必详读
•论点详读/论点的展开略读
•具体解释略读
•分几点论述详读每个论点第1句
•平行例子:
详读第1个
•并列关系读前
•对照关系前后读一个即可
•老观点和新观点详读一个即可
•逻辑等价关系换成第1次见到的表达
Ⅲ读句子
推荐杨鹏长难句:
练习迅速抓主干的能力
信息补充及强调方式?
1.修饰成分
2.插入成分
3.平行结构
4.否定形式
5.倒装
6.强调句
说服的方法?
修辞
Simile明喻
Metaphor暗喻
Allegory讽喻(寓言)
Personification拟人
Metonymy借代
Anecdote轶事
Allusion暗指(典故)
Rhetoricalquestion反问
Parallel平行结构:
排比/对比
Synesthesia通感
Pun双关
Euphemism委婉
Hyperbole夸张/Understatement轻描淡写
句子内部的关系:
复合长句结构
必须理解重心和两者关系
从句转折
句中转折
补充递进
同义递进
并列
假设
Ⅳ主旨题
主旨题如何判断?
•内容主旨
isprimarilyconcernedwith,primarypurpose,primaryfocus
•结构主旨
•通过选项特点判断
主旨题答案包括论题或主结论或主前提
位置取决于论证结构:
1说明
•已知现象或提出问题
•找前提(有时是假想)
•实验或研究
•结论(确定主前提)
•解释某种矛盾
•summarizingthefindingsofaninvestigation
•Aphenomenonisdescribedandaninterpretationispresented
•Discussingdifferenttheoriesabout…
•Discussinghypothesesandarguinginfavorofoneabout…
•Discussingevidencefor…
•Discussingapossibleexplanationforthewaybilateralasymmetryisdeterminedinlobsters
•Resolvingadisputeabout…
•Aproblemispresentedandreasonsforitsexistencearesupplied.
•suggestingananswertoatheoreticalquestion
•identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem
•awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearcheologicalprofession
2立论
•归纳法:
具体事例(分论点)
•演绎法:
先假设前提为真得出结论
再证明前提为真
•假说演绎法:
以假设前提得出结论
再证明这个结论
然后再加强假设前提
•discussinganimportantworkinBlackAmericanliterature
•evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism
•Anevaluationismade,andaspectsoftheevaluationareexpandedonwithsupportingevidence.
•reviewingahistoricalstudyofthestatusofwomeninMexicoCityduringthenineteenth-century
•summarizingandassessingastudy
•analyzingascholarlystudyandpointingoutacentralweakness
•Anassertionismadeandseveralexamplesareprovidedtoillustrateit.
•Ageneralopinionisexpressedandthensupportiveillustrationsareadvanced.
•Statingaconclusionandadducingevidencethatmayjustifyit
3驳论
驳论文标志
•新观点:
驳斥之后
转折之后:
but/however
负评价之后:
failto/isunpersuasive./unconvincingly
老观点:
once/many/generally/traditionally
有时没有新观点,只有对老观点驳斥
1.反前提
•dismissaplausiblesupposition
•discreditawidelysharedassumption
•undermineacontroversialhypothesis
2.反结论
•refuteanargument
•correctmisconceptions
•challengepopularmisconceptions
•provideevidencetodisputeanacceptedtheoryabouttheevolutionofgalaxies
•questiontheeffectivenessofaprocess
•opposeaparticularuseoflanguage
•criticizeatechnique
主旨题练习题
•Exercise
•3661
•191114192122242630323334404546495658596063656874
Ⅴ细节题
细节题如何判断?
Accordingtothepassage,theclassicalmodelsofdecisionanalysisincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Whichofthefollowingistrue?
Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout¡issupportedbyinformationinthepassage?
Accordingtothepassage,¡resultedprimarilyfromwhichofthefollowing?
如何解决细节题?
•新出现的信息
1.新概念(有时就是生词)/新人/新事物(专有名词)--有时就在文首
2.补充信息:
修饰成分/让步句
3.对具体原因(前提)的概括
4.对比较中某一方的概括
类比similar/对比ontheotherhand,but/比较级
•被强调的信息
强调词:
surprisingly,,interesting,notably,especially,unique,onefeature/频率最高级(always,never),程度最高级(foremost,uttermost)
重复强调词
强调句
•旧信息的指代
•词汇题
•词义符合的优先,如果词义不符合再猜选项。
•相关信息:
动词前主后宾;形容词看名词;名词看定语;副词前后逻辑关系;逻辑结构中找同义词、反义词。
•EXERCISE:
P22/P153/P174/P212/P252/P333/P374/P422/P622/P962/P1091/P1163
细节题选项特点
1.正确选项:
同义替换
•¡shouldbeoutlawed.
•换为:
¡shouldbeabolished.
替换方法一:
变换词性
•¡assessingtheproblem.
•换为:
¡evaluationofaproblem
替换方法二:
变换否定词
•¡thistreatydidnotmentionwaterrights.
•换为:
itfailedtomentionwaterrights.
替换方法三:
把大的范畴缩小到具体事例进行表达
•¡problemsonthefactoryfloor.
•换为:
¡abreakdowninthefactory¡¯smachinery.
•Alabordisputeonthefactoryfloor
替换方法四:
将具体事例扩大到更广的范畴进行表达
•¡donotdecreasewhenproductiondeclines¡
•换为:
¡arenotaffectedbyfluctuationsinamanufacturingplant¡¯sthroughput.
2.错误选项:
–反:
与原文相反
–混:
张冠李戴(注意程度词)
–无:
原文未提及/过度推理
Ⅵ态度题
态度题如何判断?
•Theauthorfeels¡
•Theauthor¡¯sopinion/attitude/view¡
•Theauthorconsiders¡tobe¡
•Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelydescribe¡as¡
•Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagree/disagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?
什么是态度题?
•原文作者对某人某事的态度
•文中提到的其他人对某事的态度
原文态度所在位置
1.观点词
believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist/assert/hold/contend/emphasize/makethepoint/conclude/tosumup
2.让步转折
•前半句让步:
•1)itiscorrect/itistrue/ofcourse
•2)nodoubt/withoutdoubt/undoubtedly
•3)do/may/seem/appear/perhaps
•4)howeveradj.nomatterhowadj.
•5)adj.asitmaybe=nomatterhowadj.
•6)Granted
•后半句:
强转折¡ª以后半句为主评价
3.判断句:
系动词,情态动词,极端词,感情色彩词
•1)…andfossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.
•2)Theanswercanonlyliein…
•3)HenriBonnetprovedthat…
•4)…isthesubjectofVivianaZelizer’sexcellentbook
•5)Scholarsoftenfailtoseethat…
•6)Butnoneofthesehasvalidexplanationfor…
4.标点:
尤其是引号
一般会出现哪些态度?
•正态度
•show,reveal,indicate,demonstrate,prove,determine,confirm,support,appreciate,admire,celebrate,espouse,champion,commend,endorse,approbate
•负态度
•failto,ignore,overlook,neglect,overestimate,underestimate,exaggerate,misinterpret,misrepresent,violate,limitation,reluctant
混合态度
•partiallycorrect,qualifiedapproval,enthusiasmtemperedbyminorreservation,tentativeacceptance,reluctantacceptance,guardedcriticism
错误态度
•1无态度
•ambivalence
•2人身攻击
•offensive,condemnation,indignant,envious,insincere,defiance,derision,scornful,cynical
•3太过
•fervent,fanatical,adulatory
•completely,entirely,totally,absolutely,unrestrained,unmitigated,unchecked
更多态度词
1.正态度动词:
favorsecurecontributetosatisfysalvationharnesspreservepraiseeulogizeaccomplishreconcileaccommodatedictateprevailperpetuatepropelinstigateboomprosperthriveovercomepromiseadvanceclarifyascertainblesssweepprompthoneintegrateinspirecompensateincorporateembodyjustifyexploreenhancestrengthenrecreatescrutinizestimulatevibratecopewithacquaintincentivefostermeteentail
2.正态度形容词:
cogentconclusivestableconvincinglylucidextensivelypenetratinglevelheadedforthrightpropersufficientdistinctworthwhilefascinatingoriginalstrikingsatisfyingblithelyenlighteningenduringappropriateself-evidenteloquentincisivedecisiveconceivablecentraldefinitivelypracticalprominentbrisksalutaryelaboratedesirablereadilyunequivocallegitimatepervasivelypersuasivelyinextricablesmoothnotableprofoundinherentcompellinghospitablecompatibleconsequentialpreciousreadypioneeringarticulateabundantampleforemostfeelinglyviablesystematicallyinstructivevalidadvantageouscompetitiveimpressivefeasibleexaltedsensitiveauthenticunbiasedcrushing
3.负态度动词:
denyrejectdisposecircumventcontradictrobplunderprohibitinhibitundermineoverlookignoreneglectobjecttotangleharryexcludedwarfimpededeprivesubdueoverutilizeinfectshrinkhinderconfinedisturbconflictsuppressdepressopposenarrowrepressfailblockthwartconstraindislocateceasediscardshundispensecounteractcondemndissentendangerplotschemestumblemisguidemisleadconcealoccludedeviatedepletereducedestroyperturbdiminishrevoltsubstituteresignshockoutragegulldispersenegateprotesterasetransgresscurtailstarvestifle
4.负态度形容词:
unpersuasiveincontinentreverseinconsistentaberrantirrelevantsharplyovertlyneedlessaridlyharshsevere