GRE阅读课件.docx

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GRE阅读课件

Ⅰ逻辑基础:

前提如何判断?

because,for,as,dueto,onaccountfor,attributeto,by,inviewof,given

dependon,relyon,baseon,…beresponsiblefor,blame…for

结论如何判断?

therefore,thus,so,hence,accordingly,consequently,asaresult,forthisreason,find,itfollowsthat…,itcanbeinferredthat…

whichindicates/demonstrates/shows/suggests/proves/means/impliesthat…

特殊前提和结论标志

1.预设前提(前提肯定为真):

know/since/presuppose/presumably

2.假设(前提或结论真假不知):

assume/hypothesize/posit/postulate

3.条件句(真假不知)

逻辑推理reasoning

演绎法:

从一般到个别

/前提真则结论真

归纳法:

从个别到一般/从个别到个别

/前提真结论不一定真

假说演绎:

已知--假想(实验/研究)--证明或证伪–解释差异

文章中的逻辑推理(画每篇文章的逻辑图)

论题topic

论点(结论)conclusion

论据(前提)premise

论证(逻辑推理)reasoning

论题如何判断?

1.位置:

注意开头句(或开头段)

2.特点:

事实陈述(讲个故事/提个人/讲个现象/提个问题)/解释个概念/老观点

3.有时论题和论点合一

区分全文主论点/从论点/分论点

 

Ⅱ快速阅读:

•预判出题点

•因果关系

•举例论证

•让步转折

•比较关系

•判断句

 

判断句

•1.注意系动词

•2.情态动词:

can,cannot,may,might

•3.感情色彩词:

adj.,adv.,v.,n.

•4.假言判断(条件句)

•充分条件标志:

if/when/provided/whenever/ifonly/every/all/any/inorderto/to

•必要条件标志:

then/only/onlyif/must/haveto/necessary/require/no,none(在句子开头)

unless/except/until/without

举例论证

•关键是确定论点位置

•believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist/assert/hold/contend/emphasize/makethepoint

•bechallenged/discredited/undermined/obscured

•列举:

多个例子(a,b,andc)

让步转折

•让步:

虽然/尽管/诚然/的确/确实/似乎

•转折:

•unfortunately

•but,yet,however

•inreality,actually,infact

•nevertheless,nonetheless

•instead

比较关系

•比较级(no)more/less¡¡.than

•类比as¡.as,thesameas,similarto/parallel,analogous/share/both/common

•对比incontrast/beopposedto/difference/respectively/distinction/disparate/without/avoid

•时间对比

其它

•平行关系词:

first,second,moreover

•唯一性:

only,sole(ly),unique(ly),exclusive(ly),alone

•强调词:

notably,surprisingly,especially/频率最高级(always,never),程度最高级(foremost,uttermost)/onefeature,keycharacteristic

•矛盾词:

paradoxically,ironically,illogically,oddly,curiously

•标点符号:

引号,破折号,冒号,括号

•专有名词:

人名,物种,化学物质

•详略分配

出题点详读/具体陈述略读:

•史实(史实要素是时间地点人物事件,可略读的是事件,题目一般就会出现时间地点人物,可做定位标志)

•数据(单个数据要读懂¡ª如果读的时候不记住不好定位;多个数据可以略读)

•列举(列举项的内容尽量读,动脑记住)

•举例(一般考例子的目的,例子本身略读/但是呼应的例子必须读懂,第1段出现,隔了几段又出现这个例子,一定要详读)

•首句或首段必详读

•论点详读/论点的展开略读

•具体解释略读

•分几点论述详读每个论点第1句

•平行例子:

详读第1个

•并列关系读前

•对照关系前后读一个即可

•老观点和新观点详读一个即可

•逻辑等价关系换成第1次见到的表达

 

Ⅲ读句子

推荐杨鹏长难句:

练习迅速抓主干的能力

信息补充及强调方式?

1.修饰成分

2.插入成分

3.平行结构

4.否定形式

5.倒装

6.强调句

说服的方法?

修辞

Simile明喻

Metaphor暗喻

Allegory讽喻(寓言)

Personification拟人

Metonymy借代

Anecdote轶事

Allusion暗指(典故)

Rhetoricalquestion反问

Parallel平行结构:

排比/对比

Synesthesia通感

Pun双关

Euphemism委婉

Hyperbole夸张/Understatement轻描淡写

句子内部的关系:

复合长句结构

必须理解重心和两者关系

从句转折

句中转折

补充递进

同义递进

并列

假设

 

Ⅳ主旨题

主旨题如何判断?

•内容主旨

isprimarilyconcernedwith,primarypurpose,primaryfocus

•结构主旨

•通过选项特点判断

主旨题答案包括论题或主结论或主前提

位置取决于论证结构:

1说明

•已知现象或提出问题

•找前提(有时是假想)

•实验或研究

•结论(确定主前提)

•解释某种矛盾

•summarizingthefindingsofaninvestigation

•Aphenomenonisdescribedandaninterpretationispresented

•Discussingdifferenttheoriesabout…

•Discussinghypothesesandarguinginfavorofoneabout…

•Discussingevidencefor…

•Discussingapossibleexplanationforthewaybilateralasymmetryisdeterminedinlobsters

•Resolvingadisputeabout…

•Aproblemispresentedandreasonsforitsexistencearesupplied.

•suggestingananswertoatheoreticalquestion

•identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem

•awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearcheologicalprofession

 

2立论

•归纳法:

具体事例(分论点)

•演绎法:

先假设前提为真得出结论

再证明前提为真

•假说演绎法:

以假设前提得出结论

再证明这个结论

然后再加强假设前提

•discussinganimportantworkinBlackAmericanliterature

•evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism

•Anevaluationismade,andaspectsoftheevaluationareexpandedonwithsupportingevidence.

•reviewingahistoricalstudyofthestatusofwomeninMexicoCityduringthenineteenth-century

•summarizingandassessingastudy

•analyzingascholarlystudyandpointingoutacentralweakness

•Anassertionismadeandseveralexamplesareprovidedtoillustrateit.

•Ageneralopinionisexpressedandthensupportiveillustrationsareadvanced.

•Statingaconclusionandadducingevidencethatmayjustifyit

 

3驳论

驳论文标志

•新观点:

驳斥之后

转折之后:

but/however

负评价之后:

failto/isunpersuasive./unconvincingly

老观点:

once/many/generally/traditionally

有时没有新观点,只有对老观点驳斥

1.反前提

•dismissaplausiblesupposition

•discreditawidelysharedassumption

•undermineacontroversialhypothesis

2.反结论

•refuteanargument

•correctmisconceptions

•challengepopularmisconceptions

•provideevidencetodisputeanacceptedtheoryabouttheevolutionofgalaxies

•questiontheeffectivenessofaprocess

•opposeaparticularuseoflanguage

•criticizeatechnique

主旨题练习题

•Exercise

•3661

•191114192122242630323334404546495658596063656874

 

Ⅴ细节题

细节题如何判断?

Accordingtothepassage,theclassicalmodelsofdecisionanalysisincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT

Whichofthefollowingistrue?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout¡issupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

Accordingtothepassage,¡resultedprimarilyfromwhichofthefollowing?

 

如何解决细节题?

•新出现的信息

1.新概念(有时就是生词)/新人/新事物(专有名词)--有时就在文首

2.补充信息:

修饰成分/让步句

3.对具体原因(前提)的概括

4.对比较中某一方的概括

类比similar/对比ontheotherhand,but/比较级

•被强调的信息

强调词:

surprisingly,,interesting,notably,especially,unique,onefeature/频率最高级(always,never),程度最高级(foremost,uttermost)

重复强调词

强调句

•旧信息的指代

•词汇题

•词义符合的优先,如果词义不符合再猜选项。

•相关信息:

动词前主后宾;形容词看名词;名词看定语;副词前后逻辑关系;逻辑结构中找同义词、反义词。

•EXERCISE:

P22/P153/P174/P212/P252/P333/P374/P422/P622/P962/P1091/P1163

 

细节题选项特点

1.正确选项:

同义替换

•¡shouldbeoutlawed.

•换为:

¡shouldbeabolished.

替换方法一:

变换词性

•¡assessingtheproblem.

•换为:

¡evaluationofaproblem

替换方法二:

变换否定词

•¡thistreatydidnotmentionwaterrights.

•换为:

itfailedtomentionwaterrights.

替换方法三:

把大的范畴缩小到具体事例进行表达

•¡problemsonthefactoryfloor.

•换为:

¡abreakdowninthefactory¡¯smachinery.

•Alabordisputeonthefactoryfloor

替换方法四:

将具体事例扩大到更广的范畴进行表达

•¡donotdecreasewhenproductiondeclines¡

•换为:

¡arenotaffectedbyfluctuationsinamanufacturingplant¡¯sthroughput.

2.错误选项:

–反:

与原文相反

–混:

张冠李戴(注意程度词)

–无:

原文未提及/过度推理

 

Ⅵ态度题

态度题如何判断?

•Theauthorfeels¡

•Theauthor¡¯sopinion/attitude/view¡

•Theauthorconsiders¡tobe¡

•Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelydescribe¡as¡

•Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagree/disagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

 

什么是态度题?

•原文作者对某人某事的态度

•文中提到的其他人对某事的态度

 

原文态度所在位置

1.观点词

believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist/assert/hold/contend/emphasize/makethepoint/conclude/tosumup

2.让步转折

•前半句让步:

•1)itiscorrect/itistrue/ofcourse

•2)nodoubt/withoutdoubt/undoubtedly

•3)do/may/seem/appear/perhaps

•4)howeveradj.nomatterhowadj.

•5)adj.asitmaybe=nomatterhowadj.

•6)Granted

•后半句:

强转折¡ª以后半句为主评价

3.判断句:

系动词,情态动词,极端词,感情色彩词

•1)…andfossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.

•2)Theanswercanonlyliein…

•3)HenriBonnetprovedthat…

•4)…isthesubjectofVivianaZelizer’sexcellentbook

•5)Scholarsoftenfailtoseethat…

•6)Butnoneofthesehasvalidexplanationfor…

4.标点:

尤其是引号

 

一般会出现哪些态度?

•正态度

•show,reveal,indicate,demonstrate,prove,determine,confirm,support,appreciate,admire,celebrate,espouse,champion,commend,endorse,approbate

•负态度

•failto,ignore,overlook,neglect,overestimate,underestimate,exaggerate,misinterpret,misrepresent,violate,limitation,reluctant

混合态度

•partiallycorrect,qualifiedapproval,enthusiasmtemperedbyminorreservation,tentativeacceptance,reluctantacceptance,guardedcriticism

错误态度

•1无态度

•ambivalence

•2人身攻击

•offensive,condemnation,indignant,envious,insincere,defiance,derision,scornful,cynical

•3太过

•fervent,fanatical,adulatory

•completely,entirely,totally,absolutely,unrestrained,unmitigated,unchecked

 

更多态度词

1.正态度动词:

favorsecurecontributetosatisfysalvationharnesspreservepraiseeulogizeaccomplishreconcileaccommodatedictateprevailperpetuatepropelinstigateboomprosperthriveovercomepromiseadvanceclarifyascertainblesssweepprompthoneintegrateinspirecompensateincorporateembodyjustifyexploreenhancestrengthenrecreatescrutinizestimulatevibratecopewithacquaintincentivefostermeteentail

2.正态度形容词:

cogentconclusivestableconvincinglylucidextensivelypenetratinglevelheadedforthrightpropersufficientdistinctworthwhilefascinatingoriginalstrikingsatisfyingblithelyenlighteningenduringappropriateself-evidenteloquentincisivedecisiveconceivablecentraldefinitivelypracticalprominentbrisksalutaryelaboratedesirablereadilyunequivocallegitimatepervasivelypersuasivelyinextricablesmoothnotableprofoundinherentcompellinghospitablecompatibleconsequentialpreciousreadypioneeringarticulateabundantampleforemostfeelinglyviablesystematicallyinstructivevalidadvantageouscompetitiveimpressivefeasibleexaltedsensitiveauthenticunbiasedcrushing

3.负态度动词:

denyrejectdisposecircumventcontradictrobplunderprohibitinhibitundermineoverlookignoreneglectobjecttotangleharryexcludedwarfimpededeprivesubdueoverutilizeinfectshrinkhinderconfinedisturbconflictsuppressdepressopposenarrowrepressfailblockthwartconstraindislocateceasediscardshundispensecounteractcondemndissentendangerplotschemestumblemisguidemisleadconcealoccludedeviatedepletereducedestroyperturbdiminishrevoltsubstituteresignshockoutragegulldispersenegateprotesterasetransgresscurtailstarvestifle

4.负态度形容词:

unpersuasiveincontinentreverseinconsistentaberrantirrelevantsharplyovertlyneedlessaridlyharshsevere

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