英语导游考试资料10年1.docx
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英语导游考试资料10年1
I.TouristResortExplanation
1TheSunYat-SenMemorialHall
SunYat-SenwastheforerunneroftheChinesebourgeoisdemocraticrevolution.HewasbornonNovember12,1866inafarmer’sfamilyintheCuihengVillageinXiangshanCounty(thepresent-dayZhonghanCity)inGuangdongProvince.Attheageof12,hewenttoHonolulu,wherehiselderbrothersenthimtoamissionaryschool.Later,hecamebacktoHongKongtostudyinacollegeofWesternmedicineand,aftergraduation,practicedmedicineinGuangzhouandMacao.So,eversincehewasachild,hehadbeeninfluencedbytheWesternideasofChristianityanddemocracyandthishadhelpedhimmakeuphismindtocuretheillsoftheoldfeudalChinaandturnitintoademocraticandstrongnation.Atfirst,hehadillusionsabouttheQinggovernmentandhopedtosavethismoribundregimetroughreforms.But,China’sdefeatsbyforeigninvadersandthecorruptionandincompetenceoftheQinggovernmentintensifiedhispatrioticindignation.HedecidedthattheQingcourtwasrottentothecoreandmustbeoverthrownandreplacedbyademocraticrepublic.
So,in1894,togetherwithsometwentyChineseshop-keeperandfarm-ownersinHonolulu,heestablishedthefirstChinesebourgeoisrevolutionaryorganization-theSocietyfortheRevivalofChina(theXingZhongHui).Inthefollowingspring,hereturnedtoHongKongandstagedthefirstarmeduprisingagainsttheQingDynastyinGuangzhou;butitendedinfailure.Then,in1905,hewenttoJapan,wherehefoundedChina’sfirstpoliticalpartycalledpartycalled“ChinaRevolutionaryLeague”(theTongMengHui),whichlaterdevelopedintotheNationalistParty(theGuomintang).SincethenhehadmadesuccessiveattemptstotoppletheQingregimeandfinallysucceededintheWuchangUprisingthatbrokeoutinOctober1911.TheQingregimewasoverthrownandhewaselectedtheprovisionalpresidentoftheinterimgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinainNanjing.Thispoliticalpower,however,wassoontakenoverbythewarlords.Thenin1920,SunYat-SencamebacktoGuangzhoutosetupanewgovernmentcalledtheSouthRevolutionaryGovernment.In1921,heproclaimedhisextraordinarypresidencyinGuangzhou.In1925,hediedofillnessinBeijingandwasburiedlaterinNanjing.
SunYat-SenhaddevotedallhislifetothecauseoftheChinesedemocraticrevolution,andthe1911revolutionheledhadputanendtothefeudalmonarchythathadexistedinChinaforseveralthousandofyears.TocommemoratehisgreatcontributionstotheChineserevolution,peopleofGuangzhouhadthismemorialhallbuiltin1929-1931,attheoriginalsiteoftheformerpresidentialhouseoftheSouthRevolutionaryGovernment,whichwasburneddownin1922byarebelwarlord,ChenJiongmingbyname.
TheSunYat-SenMemorialHallisanoctagonalpalace-likereinforcedconcretestructure,58metershighwithafloorspaceof12thousandsquaremeters.ItlookslikeatraditionalChinesepalaceinappearancebutwasconstructedwithmodernarchitecturaltechnique.InfrontofthehallstandsabronzestatueofSunYat-Sen,whichis5.5metershighandweighs3.9tons.UponthefacadebelowoneoftheeavesiswrittenSunYat-Sen’smotto,meaning“ChinaBelongstothePeople”inEnglish(orliterarily“LetPublicSpiritednessRuleundertheSky”).Insidethebuildingisaconferencehallwithaseatingcapacityof3,238people.And,thankstotheingeniousdesigningofthearchitect,theacousticsofthehallareexcellentandthereisnopillartoobstructthespectator’sviewbecausetheeightpillarssustainingthefourlong-spannedsteeltrussessupportingthehugedomedroofarehiddeninthewalls.Today,theSunYat-SenMemorialHallisstillonethemainplacesformassmeetingsortheatricalperformancesinGuangzhou.
Atthebackofthehall,thereisa2-storiedbuildingoneachside.Inthebackyardareplantedover70speciesoftreesandflowers.Amongthemakapoktreeisalreadyover300hundredyearsoldandthetwomagnoliatreesonbothsidesofthegardenareover70yearsold.ThesetwomagnoliatreesaretheoldestmagnoliatreesinGuangzhouandhavegrownupto90centimetersindiameter,eachgivingashadeofover200squaremeters.
ThemagnificentSunYat-SenMemorialHallwasdesignedbyayoungChinesearchitect,bythenameofLuYan-zhi,whowasborninTianjin,graduatedfromtheQinghuaUniversityinBeijingandlaterstudiedarchitectureintheCornellUniversityintheUSA.Hediedoflongcancerin1929,attheageof36,beforethehallwasbuilt.
2KaipingDiaolouandLiYuan
SightseeingSites
GeneralIntroduction__ArchitecturalstyleofDiaolou__DiaolouClustersinZiliVillage__YinglonglouinChikanTown__RuishilouinXiangangTown__DenglouoftheFang’sFamilyinTangkouTown__KaipingLiyuan
GeneralIntroduction
Ladiesandgentlemen,welcomeyoutoKaiping.
KaipingcityislocatedinthesouthwesternpartofthePearlRiverDelta.Itis100kmawayfromGuangzhouinthenortheast.
KaipingisoneoftherenownedhomestooverseasChinese.Itisfamousforthemultifunctionalvillagehouseswiththeirownstyle.ShallIspareafewminutestogiveabriefbackgroundoftheseconstructions?
Yes.OK.
Chinesepeople,especiallyoverseasChinese,havelongbeenknowntohaveastronghomesickcomplex.Manyofthemsenttheirsavingsbackhome.Quitealotreturnedtohometowntobuyapieceofland,buildtheirownhouseandgetmarried.InthelateMingandtheearlyQingDynasties,theystartedtobuildmulti-storeyed,defensivehousescalledDiaoLou.Doyouhaveanyideaswhytheymadetheirhousesinthatway?
Haha,herecometwomainreasons.Oneisthatfloodsfrequentlystruckthiscityasitwasinarelativelylow-lyingplace.Theotheristhatthecityusedtohavebadsocialorder.ThosereturnedoverseasChineseorthosewhohadrelativesabroadwereprettywell-off.Theysufferedalotfromtherampantbanditsorgangsters.Diaolou,orwatchtower,toputitintheotherway,wasconstructedtosolvetheaforementionedtwoproblems.
AcombinationofChineseandexoticarchitecturalstlesisoneofthefeaturesofthiskindofbuilding.
DiaolouinKaipingappearedonalargescale.Thetotalnumberofbuildingsreached3,300initspeaktime.Nowadaysthenumberofregisteredhousesis1,833.
Diaolouiswellrecognized.Sometitleswereawardedtoit.OneisClassicWorksRepresentingthecultureofOverseasChinese.ThesecondisShowcaseofWorld’sArchitecturalArt.DiaolouareinscribeduponthelistoftheNationalProtectionCulturalRelicsbytheStateCouncilofChina.OnJune28th,2007,KaipingDiaolouandVillageswereinscribedontheUNESCO’sWorldHeritageList,anditisthefirstheritagefromGuangdong.
ArchitecturalstyleofKaipingDiaolou
KaipingDiaolouenjoysitsdiversityinfunction,buildingmaterialsandstyles.Whenwetalkaboutitsfunction,buildingsofthiskindtakethreeforms.Firstly,theyareresidentialtowersbuiltbyindividualrichfamiliesandusedasfortifiedresidences.Secondly,theyarecommunaltowersbuiltbyseveralfamiliesandusedastemporaryrefuge.Thirdly,theyarevigiltowersusedfortimetellingandneighborhoodsecuritywatch.Fourkindsofbuildingmaterialshavebeenused.Theyaremainlystone,pise,brickorconcrete.AsIjustmentioned,Kaipingpeoplehadmigratedtoliveindifferentpartsoftheworld.ThosereturnedoverseasChinesebroughtbackhomeexoticideasandappliedthemtovillagehousebuilding.ThisisreflectedinthearchitecturalstylesofDiaolou.TheirwatchtowersnotonlyboastancientGreekandRomanflavors,butalsoblendGothic,Islamic,baroqueandrococostyles.Thesebuildingsfeaturetheharmoniousintegrationofvaryingforeignarchitecturepatternsandthepreferenceofthehouseowners.
Ihavebeentalkingquitealotaboutthediversityofthesewatchtowersintermsoffunction,buildingmaterialsandarchitecturalstyle.Whatistheirsharedpart,then?
Thesebuildingsfeaturetheharmoniousintegrationofvaryingforeignarchitecturepatternsandthepreferenceofthehouseowners.
Ihavebeentalkingquitealotaboutthediversityofthesewatchtowersintermsoffunction,buildingmaterialsandarchitecturalstyle.Whatistheirsharedpart,then?
Doyoustillremembertheproblemsthelocalrichpeoplesufferedhundredsofyearsago?
“Yes”.“Good”;“No.No”.
Tofulfillitsfunctiontodefendagainstbandits,allthewatchtowershavenarrowirondoors,smallsteelwindows,andsolidwallswithembrasures.Insomewatchtowers,hornworks,locallycalled“swallownests”,thrustoutwardonthefourcornersofthetopfloor.Those“swallownests”exertomni-directionalcontroloverthesurroundingareas.Onthetopfloorofthewatchtowersoftenstandobservationposts,equippedwithprimitivefirearms,electricgenerators,sirens,searchlights,stones,gongsandotherdefensivedevices.Fromtheirsimilarlooksandstyles,wemaysaythatthosewatchtowersweremainlyusedtoguardagainstbandits’attack.
Kaipingwatchtowershaveplayeddifferentrolesindifferenthistoricalperiods.InthelaterstageofChina’sWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggression,somewereusedasmilitarystrongholds.ThemostfamousonewasSouthWatchtowerinTengjiaovillage,Chikantown.Inthe1920sand1930s,KaipingDiaolouwereservedassecretsitesfortheChineseCommunistpartytotakeupundergroundrevolutionaryactivities.ThemostrenownedtwowereShiluandZhongshanlou.
Withmylong-windedintroductiontoDiaolou,Iamnowguidingyoutoseewatchtowerclusters.OnethingIhavetopointoutisthattheydifferquitealotinstyles,astowersofthiskindwerebuiltindifferentperiodsoftime.
DiaolouClusters