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级阅读理解真题精选文档
TTMSsystemofficeroom【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-TTMSHHJ8】
级阅读理解真题精选文档
2016年四级
Passageone
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
AsArtificialIntelligence(AI)becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode.
Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it’snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.
Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn’twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.
Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.
Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.
Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.
Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo(禁忌).
Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.
Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps(嘟嘟声),andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.
Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.
doestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots?
A)Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers.
B)Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.
C)Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.
D)Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.
wouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor?
A)Theyareaggressive.
B)Theyareoutgoing.
C)Theyareignorant.
D)Theyareill-bred.
dorobotslearnhumanvalues?
A)Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.
B)Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.
C)Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior.
D)Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings.
willawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituation?
A)keepadistancefrompossibledangers.
B)Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing.
C)Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce.
D)Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.
ismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode?
A)Determinewhatismoralandethical.
B)Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.
C)Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.
D)Developamoresophisticatedprogram.
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Whydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?
Youknowthestandardexplanations:
keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity(长寿)?
Dosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlives?
AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.
Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic(神经质的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:
thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.
Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.
Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.
Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother’spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe’readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.
Personalityisn’tdestiny(命运),andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn’tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.
51.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis____.
A)toseewhetherpeople’spersonalityaffectstheirlifespan
B)tofindoutifone’slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealth
C)toinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglife
D)toexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevity
52.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeople?
A)Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.
B)Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement.
C)Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.
D)Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.
53.Whatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectation?
A)Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.
B)Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.
C)Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.
D)Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.
54.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshow?
A)Children’spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.
B)Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.
C)Mothers’influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers’.
D)Mothers’negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren’slifespans.
canwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudies?
A)Anxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone’slifespan.
B)Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalhealth.
C)Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.
D)Healthisinlargepartrelatedtoone’slifestyle.
2016年6级阅读理:
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends”,apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston’swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It’sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.
SothenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevisionhopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.
Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates—especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.
Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant(除臭剂),whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.
Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:
itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain’sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.
Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingt