国际经济法英文复习.docx

国际经济法英文复习.docx

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国际经济法英文复习

1.Thesourcesofinternationaleconomiclaw

1）Internationaleconomictreaties

2）InternationalBusinessPractices

3）ThenormativeresolutionsoftheUNGeneralAssembly

4）Nationallegislation

2.Conclusionofaninternationalcontractforsaleofgoods

InternationalSaleofGoodsistheagreementsbetweentheparties.Itisconcludedbyoneparty’sofferandtheotherparty’sacceptance.Moreoftenacontractcouldn’treachaftertheoffer,thepartyoftenmakescounter-offer,afterrepeatedconsultations,thetwosidesreachedconsensusandthecontractcouldbesustained.Intheconsultationprocess,theofferandacceptancearetwoimportantlegalsteps."UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSaleofGoods"1980carriedoutinarticles14-24ofthisprovision.

1.Offer

Anoffer（要约）isaproposalbyonepersontoanotherindicatinganintentiontoenterintoacontractunderspecifiedterms.InthewordsoftheRestatementSecondofContracts24,anoffermustbea"manifestationofwillingnesstoenterin-toabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit".Thus,thefirstelementofanofferisamanifestationofanintentiontobepresentlyboundsubjectonlytoanappropriateacceptance.

1）Conditionsconstituteanoffer.

Aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.

Aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.

2）Withdrawandrevoketheoffer.

Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.However,anoffercannotberevoked:

（a）ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or

（b）ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.

3）Lapseofoffer.Afterthelapseoftheoffer,boththeofferorandtheoffereearenolongerboundbytheoffer.Lapseduemainlytothefollowingsituations（i）theofferhasexpiredduetotimepassing,thatis,theoffereedidn’tacceptinthespecifiedperiod.（ii）Therevocationoftheofferbytheofferor.（iii）Theofferor'srefusaltoofferduetolapse.Arefusalbytheofferormaybeexpressoritcanbeimplied,aimpliedrejectionismanifestedismanifestedmainlychangesinthecontentsoftheoriginaloffer.Changesfortheofferarecalledcounter-offer.

2.Acceptance

Acontractisn'tformeduntiltheofferisacceptedbytheofferee.Theacceptance（接受）istheofferee'smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Inalllegalsystems,theoffereemayacceptatanytimeuntiltheofferisrevokedbytheofferor,untiltheofferexpiresduetothepassageoftime,untilitisrejectedbytheofferee,untiltheoffereemakesacounteroffer,oruntilterminationinsomeothermanner.UndertheCISG,anacceptancemaytaketheformofastatementoranyotherconductbytheoffereethatindicatestheofferee'sintentiontobeboundtothecontract.

1）RequirementsofAcceptance

（i）Anacceptancemustbemadebytheofferee.Astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.Silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.

However,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact,suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice,withoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddownintheprecedingparagraph.

（ii）Anacceptancemustbemadewithintheperiodofvalidity.（Lateacceptanceisacounterofferonly）Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.

（iii）Anacceptancemustmatchthetermsoftheofferexactlyandunequivocally.Otherwiseitisconsideredacounterofferandthusarejectionoftheoriginaloffer.Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.However,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.Additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.

2）TimeofAcceptance.

Anacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveatthemomenttheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.Anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimehehasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletime,dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumstancesofthetransaction,includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor.Anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.

3）Withdrawtheacceptance.Anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.

3.CISG

Article57

（1）Ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherparticularplace,hemustpayittotheseller:

（a）attheseller'splaceofbusiness;or

（b）ifthepaymentistobemadeagainstthehandingoverofthegoodsorofdocuments,attheplacewherethehandingovertakesplace.

（2）Thesellermustbearanyincreasesintheexpensesincidentaltopaymentwhichiscausedbyachangeinhisplaceofbusinesssubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract.

Article58

（1）Ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherspecifictime,hemustpayitwhenthesellerplaceseitherthegoodsordocumentscontrollingtheirdispositionatthebuyer'sdisposalinaccordancewiththecontractandthisConvention.Thesellermaymakesuchpaymentaconditionforhandingoverthegoodsordocuments.

（2）Ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,thesellermaydispatchthegoodsontermswherebythegoods,ordocumentscontrollingtheirdisposition,willnotbehandedovertothebuyerexceptagainstpaymentoftheprice.

（3）Thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehashadanopportunitytoexaminethegoods,unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanopportunity.

Timeofpassingofrisk.

Ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoodsandthesellerisnotboundtohandthemoverataparticularplace,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyerinaccordancewiththecontractofsale.Ifthesellerisboundtohandthegoodsovertoacarrierataparticularplace,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsarehandedovertothecarrieratthatplace.Thefactthatthesellerisauthorizedtoretaindocumentscontrollingthedispositionofthegoodsdoesnotaffectthepassageoftherisk.

Nevertheless,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract,whetherbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocuments,bynoticegiventothebuyerorotherwise.

Theriskinrespectofgoodssoldintransitpassestothebuyerfromthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.However,ifthecircumstancessoindicate,theriskisassumedbythebuyerfromthetimethegoodswerehandedovertothecarrierwhoissuedthedocumentsembodyingthecontractofcarriage.Nevertheless,ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractofsalethesellerkneworoughttohaveknownthatthegoodshadbeenlostordamagedanddidnotdisclosethistothebuyer,thelossordamageisattheriskoftheseller.

4.CarriageofGoodsbySea

Abillofladingisaninstrumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods,whichstatesthatcertaingoodshavebeenshippedonaparticularshiporhavebeenreceivedforshipment.

Thebillofladinghasthreecharacteristics:

（a）itisareceiptissuedbyoronbehalfofthecarrierwh