英文写作.docx
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英文写作
2月22日英文写作
D
1．
2．
3．
4．（对事实的具体陈述不能做主题句）
5．Itismyopinionthatsmokingcausescancer.（×）
（不要以个人意见做主题句，因很难用事实事做支持）
6．Sportsandgamesareveryuseful.（×）
（太笼统了）
二、段落中常用的过度词。
（见专升本书P189）
在段落的过度中，按文章的“启、承、转、合”使用过渡词（transitionalwords/connectives）会使段落文章条理清楚，连贯流畅，过渡词可以分以下四类：
（1）表达“启”的常用词语
用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个发展句：
firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthebeginning,inthefirstplace,atpresent,tobeginwith,currently,tostartwith,lately,foronething,now,recently,ontheonehand,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,inrecentyears,comparativelyspeaking,nowadays,inasense,inaway,inmyopinion,obviously,undoubtedly,etc.。
（2）表达“承”的过渡词语
用于主题句或第一个（或前一个）发展句：
secondly,thirdly,also,too,besides,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,foranother,forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanotherexample,namely,then,inotherwords,inparticular,inthesameway,afterthat,afterwards（afterafewdays/awhile）,fromnowon,later,justas，similarly,meanwhile,atthesametime,bythistime,soon,ofcourse,forthispurpose,equally,surely,obviously,especially,indeed,still,infact,inplainterms,inpractice,forthemostpart,nodoubt,etc.。
（3）表示“转”的过渡词语
表示不同或相反的情况：
afterall,but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,though,although,despite,inspiteof,onthecontrary,incontrast,unlike,whereas,ontheotherhand,allthesame,unfortunately,still,infact,asamatteroffact,inanycase,atanyrate,otherwise,orelse,instead,etc.。
（4）表示“合”的过渡词语
用于总结段落中上下文的内容，引导一个发展句或结尾句，也可用于文章的结论等：
finally,hence,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,therefore,thus,tosumup,toconclude,tosummarize,briefly,aboveall,asaconsequence,asaresult,forthisreason,ashasbeennoted,asIhavesaid,atlast,atlength,byandlarge,consequently,eventually,accordingly,so,afterall,ingeneral,inaword,onthewhole,etc.。
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一、练习：
重新安排下面的句子，使之成为意思连贯的段落并按要求在横线处填出句子序号：
（一）ABCDE
1Knowledge,perhaps,isnotagoodwordforthis.
2Perhapsonewouldrathersaymyimageoftheworld.
3WhatIhavebeentalkingaboutisknowledge.
4WhatIamtalkingaboutiswhatIbelievetobetrue：
mysubjectiveknowledge.
5Knowledgehasanimplicationofvalidity.
（3、1、2、5、4）
（二）ABCDE
①Withoutwater,soilisworthlessandcropsarepoor.
②Waterisnecessary.
③However,toomuchwatercanbedangerous.
④Carefuluseofwaterandotherresourcesisimportant.
⑤Naturalresourcesarepreciousandlimited.
（4、5、2、1、3）
（三）ABCDE
①Forexample,youdon’tneedmanyclothes.
②However,despitetheseadvantages,thosewhohavelivedinwarmclimatesandincoldclimatesoftenpreferacoldclimatebecauseitislessmonotonousandofferswintersports.
③Inaddition,youdon’thavetoshovelsnoworpayheatingbills.
④Livinginaplacewheretheweatherisalwayswarmhasitsadvantages.
⑤Youcanwearlightweight,inexpensive,andeasy-to-cleancottonclothingallyear.
（4、1、5、3、2）
（四）ABCDE
①Theyneverseemtobeworking.
②Itseemstoworkersthatstudentsleadeasylivesonlybecausestudentsworkandrelaxatdifferenttimesfromworkers.
③Workingpeoplesometimesthinkthatcollegestudentsliveaveryeasylife.
④Thetruthis,though,thatmoststudentsspendasmanyhoursinclassorattheirstudiesasworkersdoattheirjobs。
⑤Tothemitappearsthatstudentshavelittletodo：
theysleeplate,talkforhoursovercoffee,andgotopartieseverynight.
（3、5、1、4、2）
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一、开头的写作方法
（1）Beginwithdirectannouncement.
（2）Beginwithdefinition
（3）Beginwithstatistics.（eg.arecentsurveyof……）
（4）Beginwithnarrationanddescription
（5）Beginwithquestion
（6）Beginwithquotation
二、结尾的表达方法
1、概括总结全文并指出解决方法（Summaryandsolution）
2、回答开头段提出的问题（Ananswertoaquestion）
3、提出建议（Recommendationandsuggestion）
4、给出预见（Prediction）
5、发出号召（callforaction）
三、结尾段常用的词语
Therefore/Inshort/Finally/Insummary/Inaword/onthewhole/Inall/Toconclude/Inbrief/Allthissuggeststhat…/Inconclusion/Itcanbeconcludedthat…
三、段落的扩展方法
1、列举法
eg.Topicsentence:
Basketballispopularinmanycountries.
（列举原因）Itisinexpensive./exciting/ahealthfulsport/bothanindoorandanoutdoorgame.
conclusion：
Thegamecanbeplayedbothinwarmcountriesandincoldcountries.
列举词语：
first（ly）、second（ly）、finally、lastly、kind、variety、group、set、class、contain、include、exclude、except、also、likewise、inaddition
2、举例法
topicsentence+example（例1、例2、例3）+restatement.
举例词语：
forexample、forinstance、suchas、namely、frequently、especially、specifically、occasionally、ingeneral、inparticular、toillustrate、thatistosay、
3、比较与对比法（comparisonandcontrast）
comparelikenessanddifference（parttopartorpointtopoint）
常用词：
likewise、justas、inlikemanner、similarto、correspondencewith、resemble、oncemore、onceagain、compareto/with、connectedwith、makeacomparisonwith、distinguish、opposed、conversely、evenso、instead、different、dissimilar、unlike、differencesbetween、ontheotherhand、nevertheless、onthecontrary、incontrast、inspiteofthis
4、定义法（definition）
eg.Topicsentence:
Happinessmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.
Purpose:
toexplainthemeaningofhappiness.
Methodsofdevelopment:
extendeddefinition,contrast、
Techniquesofsupport:
facts、examples.
Happinessmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Forexample,somepeoplebelievethatiftheyhavemuchmoneyormanythings,theywillbehappy.Theybelievethatiftheyarewealthy,theywillbeabletodoeverythingtheywant,andsotheywillbehappy.Ontheotherhand,somepeoplebelievethatmoneyisnottheonlyhappiness.Thesepeoplevaluetheirreligion,ortheirintelligence,ortheirhealth;thesemakethemhappy.Forme,happinessiscloselytiedtomyfamily.Iamhappyifmywifeandmychildrenliveinharmony.Whenallmembersofmyfamilysharegoodandsadtimes,andwhenmychildrencommunicatewitheachotherandworktogether,Iamhappy.Althoughthedefinitionofhappinessdependsoneachindividual,my“wealth”ofhappinessisinmyfamily.
定义法常用词：
Themeaningofthiswordis…
Thiscanbedefinedas…
Inotherwords,by…Idon’tmean…
Thewordmeans…
5、分类法
即Howcanitspartsortypesbeseparatedorgrouped?
Onwhatbasiscanitbecategorized?
Eg.There’rethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellersunread,untouched….
6、因果法（causeandeffect）
常用词：
Because、reasonfor、resultin/from、leadto、dueto、therefore、so、asaconsequence、accordingly、thus、hence、Nowthat、Since、As
7、过程描述法：
即描述howtodosth.
常用词：
presently、afterward、meanwhile、atthatmoment、earlier、later、then、next、first、soon
例文分析：
title:
GoodHealth
Openingsentence:
Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.
Outline:
1、Importanceofgoodhealth.
2、Waystokeepit.
3、Myownpractices.
Title:
OnMakingFriends
OpeningSentence:
Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.
Outline:
1、Theneedforfriends.
2、Truefriendship
3、Myprincipleinmakingfriends.
例文：
1DatingonCampus校园里的恋爱
Nowadays,thereisagrowingpopularityofdating（orspousehunting）oncampus.somestudents,whoaregoodatdatinghandsomeboysorprettygirlsbecomepopular,whileothers,whocarenothingfordating,areoftensneeredat.Discussionofsuccessfulmarriagehasattractedtheinterestofmanycuriousstudents.
Somepeoplesaymarriageisnoteasy,thatyouhavetofeedandwaterandtrimit,allthathorticulturestuff.Theyclaimthatmarriageislikeacage,whilethebirdoutsidetriesdesperatelytogetin,thebirdinsideattemptsdesperatelytogetout.Othersarguethatasuccessfulmarriagehaslittletodowithworkandevenlesstodopatience.Itallcomesdowntoatransitionofattitudes.Beforemarriage,oneshouldkeephistoweyeswideopen;aftermarriageshutone,Theysuggestthatoneshouldcloselyweighmanyfactorsaffectingmarriagesuchascompetence,personalities,aswellasfamilybackground;andnotletappearance,powerormoneyfoolyou.Moreover,toleranceandmutualunderstandingplayanimportantroleinkeepingasuccessfulmarriage.
Thereisnothingwrongwithdatingoncampusandnopowercanreallybanit.However,
Findingalifelongcompanionisnopicnic.Inmyopinion,weshouldkeepourtoweyeswideopentofindsomeonewereallyloveandfaithfullykeepourloveandcareforeachotherinthelongjourneyoflife.
2OwningaCar私人汽车
Shouldapersonownacar?
Thisisanimportantquestion.Inalargeurbanarea,therearesomegoodreasonsforowningacar.First,acarallowsapersontomovearoundfreely.Withacar,thereisnoneedtocheckabusscheduleorwaitforatrain.Second,acarisacomfortablewaytotravel,especiallyinthewintertime.Inbadweather,thedrivesstayswarmanddry,whilethepoorbusortrainridermighthavetostandintherain.Finally,adriverisusuallysafeinacaratnight.Theridermightneedtowalkdownadarkstreettogettoastop,orwaitonadarkcorner.
Thereare,ontheotherhand,manygoodreasonsagainstowningacar.First,itcanbeveryexpensive.Thepriceoffuelcontinuestoriseandcarinsurancecancostthreeorfourhundreddollarsayear.Inaddition,itisexpensivetomaintainandrepairacar.Asimpletune-upcancost$50.Inanurbanarea,itmightalsobeexpensivetoparkthecar.Second,owningacarcancauseworryandstress.Itisexhaus
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