计算机英语Microsoft Windows.docx

计算机英语Microsoft Windows.docx

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计算机英语MicrosoftWindows

MicrosoftWindows

MicrosoftWindows

ThelatestWindowsrelease,Windows7,showingthedesktopandStartmenu

Company/developer

Microsoft

Programmedin

C,C++andAssemblylanguage[1]

OSfamily

Windows9x,WindowsCEandWindowsNT

Workingstate

Publiclyreleased

Sourcemodel

Closedsource/Sharedsource

Initialrelease

November20,1985 （1985-11-20）（asWindows1.0）

Lateststablerelease

Windows7,WindowsServer2008R2

NT6.1Build7601（6.1.7601.17514.101119-1850） （February22,2011;39daysago （2011-02-22））[+/−]

Latestunstablerelease

None[+/−]

Marketingtarget

Personalcomputing

Availablelanguage（s）

Multilingual（listingofavailableWindows7languagepacks）

Updatemethod

WindowsUpdate

Supportedplatforms

IA-32,x86-64andItanium

Kerneltype

Hybrid

Defaultuserinterface

Graphical（WindowsExplorer）

License

Proprietarycommercialsoftware

Officialwebsite

MicrosoftWindowsisaseriesofsoftwareoperatingsystemsandgraphicaluserinterfacesproducedbyMicrosoft.MicrosoftfirstintroducedanoperatingenvironmentnamedWindowsonNovember20,1985asanadd-ontoMS-DOSinresponsetothegrowinginterestingraphicaluserinterfaces（GUIs）.[2]MicrosoftWindowscametodominatetheworld'spersonalcomputermarket,overtakingMacOS,whichhadbeenintroducedin1984.AsofOctober2009,Windowshadapproximately91%ofthemarketshareoftheclientoperatingsystemsforusageontheInternet.[3][4][5]ThemostrecentclientversionofWindowsisWindows7;themostrecentserverversionisWindowsServer2008R2;themostrecentmobileOSversionisWindowsPhone7.

Contents

[hide]

∙1Versions

o1.1Earlyversions

o1.2Windows3.0and3.1

o1.3Windows95,98,andMe

o1.4WindowsNTfamily

▪1.4.164-bitoperatingsystems

o1.5WindowsCE

o1.6FutureofWindows

∙2History

∙3Timelineofreleases

∙4Usageshare

∙5Security

o5.1Filepermissions

o5.2WindowsDefender

o5.3Third-partyanalysis

∙6Emulationsoftware

∙7Seealso

∙8References

∙9Externallinks

Versions

Seealso:

ListofMicrosoftWindowsversions

ThetermWindowscollectivelydescribesanyorallofseveralgenerationsofMicrosoftoperatingsystemproducts.Theseproductsaregenerallycategorizedasfollows:

Earlyversions

Mainarticles:

Windows1.0,Windows2.0,andWindows2.1x

Windows1.0,thefirstversion,releasedin1985

ThehistoryofWindowsdatesbacktoSeptember1981,whenChaseBishop,acomputerscientist,designedthefirstmodelofanelectronicdeviceandproject"InterfaceManager"wasstarted.ItwasannouncedinNovember1983（aftertheAppleLisa,butbeforetheMacintosh）underthename"Windows",butWindows1.0wasnotreleaseduntilNovember1985.[6]TheshellofWindows1.0wasaprogramknownastheMS-DOSExecutive.OthersuppliedprogramswereCalculator,Calendar,Cardfile,Clipboardviewer,Clock,ControlPanel,Notepad,Paint,Reversi,Terminal,andWrite.Windows1.0didnotallowoverlappingwindows.Insteadallwindowsweretiled.Onlydialogboxescouldappearoverotherwindows.

Windows2.0wasreleasedinOctober1987andfeaturedseveralimprovementstotheuserinterfaceandmemorymanagement.[6]Windows2.0allowedapplicationwindowstooverlapeachotherandalsointroducedmoresophisticatedkeyboard-shortcuts.Itcouldalsomakeuseofexpandedmemory.

Windows2.1wasreleasedintwodifferentversions:

Windows/386employedthe386virtual8086modetomultitaskseveralDOSprograms,andthepagedmemorymodeltoemulateexpandedmemoryusingavailableextendedmemory.Windows/286（which,despiteitsname,wouldrunonthe8086）stillraninrealmode,butcouldmakeuseofthehighmemoryarea.

TheearlyversionsofWindowswereoftenthoughtofassimplygraphicaluserinterfaces,mostlybecausetheyranontopofMS-DOSanduseditforfilesystemservices.[7]However,eventheearliest16-bitWindowsversionsalreadyassumedmanytypicaloperatingsystemfunctions;notably,havingtheirownexecutablefileformatandprovidingtheirowndevicedrivers（timer,graphics,printer,mouse,keyboardandsound）forapplications.UnlikeMS-DOS,Windowsalloweduserstoexecutemultiplegraphicalapplicationsatthesametime,throughcooperativemultitasking.Windowsimplementedanelaborate,segment-based,softwarevirtualmemoryscheme,whichallowedittorunapplicationslargerthanavailablememory:

codesegmentsandresourceswereswappedinandthrownawaywhenmemorybecamescarce,anddatasegmentsmovedinmemorywhenagivenapplicationhadrelinquishedprocessorcontrol.

Windows3.0and3.1

Mainarticles:

Windows3.0andWindows3.1x

Windows3.0,releasedin1990

Windows3.0（1990）andWindows3.1（1992）improvedthedesign,mostlybecauseofvirtualmemoryandloadablevirtualdevicedrivers（VxDs）thatallowedthemtosharearbitrarydevicesbetweenmultitaskedDOSwindows.[citationneeded]Also,Windowsapplicationscouldnowruninprotectedmode（whenWindowswasrunninginStandardor386EnhancedMode）,whichgavethemaccesstoseveralmegabytesofmemoryandremovedtheobligationtoparticipateinthesoftwarevirtualmemoryscheme.Theystillraninsidethesameaddressspace,wherethesegmentedmemoryprovidedadegreeofprotection,andmulti-taskedcooperatively.ForWindows3.0,MicrosoftalsorewrotecriticaloperationsfromCintoassembly.

Windows95,98,andMe

Mainarticles:

Windows95,Windows98,andWindowsMe

Windows95,releasedin1995

Windows95wasreleasedinAugust1995,featuringanewuserinterface,supportforlongfilenamesofupto255characters,andtheabilitytoautomaticallydetectandconfigureinstalledhardware（plugandplay）.Itcouldnativelyrun32-bitapplications,andfeaturedseveraltechnologicalimprovementsthatincreaseditsstabilityoverWindows3.1.TherewereseveralOEMServiceReleases（OSR）ofWindows95,eachofwhichwasroughlyequivalenttoaservicepack.

Microsoft'snextreleasewasWindows98inJune1998.MicrosoftreleasedasecondversionofWindows98inMay1999,namedWindows98SecondEdition（oftenshortenedtoWindows98SE）.

InFebruary2000,Windows2000wasreleased,followedbyWindowsMeinSeptember2000（MestandingforMillenniumEdition）.WindowsMeupdatedthecorefromWindows98,butadoptedsomeaspectsofWindows2000andremovedthe"bootinDOSmode"option.ItalsoaddedanewfeaturecalledSystemRestore,allowingtheusertosetthecomputer'ssettingsbacktoanearlierdate.

WindowsNTfamily

Mainarticle:

WindowsNT

TheNTfamilyofWindowssystemswasfashionedandmarketedforhigherreliabilitybusinessuse.ThefirstreleasewasNT3.1（1993）,numbered"3.1"tomatchtheconsumerWindowsversion,whichwasfollowedbyNT3.5（1994）,NT3.51（1995）,NT4.0（1996）,andWindows2000,whichisthelastNT-basedWindowsreleasethatdoesnotincludeMicrosoftProductActivation.WindowsNT4.0wasthefirstinthislinetoimplementthe"Windows95"userinterface（andthefirsttoincludeWindows95’sbuilt-in32-bitruntimes）.

MicrosoftthenmovedtocombinetheirconsumerandbusinessoperatingsystemswithWindowsXPthatwasreleasedinAugust2001.Itcamebothinhomeandprofessionalversions（andlaternichemarketversionsfortabletPCsandmediacenters）;theyalsodivergedreleaseschedulesforserveroperatingsystems.WindowsServer2003,releasedayearandahalfafterWindowsXP,broughtWindowsServeruptodatewithWindowsXP.Afteralengthydevelopmentprocess,WindowsVistawasreleasedtowardtheendof2006,anditsservercounterpart,WindowsServer2008wasreleasedinearly2008.OnJuly22,2009,Windows7andWindowsServer2008R2werereleasedasRTM（releasetomanufacturing）.Windows7wasreleasedonOctober22,2009.

64-bitoperatingsystems

WindowsNTincludedsupportforseveraldifferentplatformsbeforethex86-basedpersonalcomputerbecamedominantintheprofessionalworld.VersionsofNTfrom3.1to4.0variouslysupportedPowerPC,DECAlphaandMIPSR4000,someofwhichwere64-bitprocessors,althoughtheoperatingsystemtreatedthemas32-bitprocessors.

WiththeintroductionoftheIntelItaniumarchitecture（alsoknownasIA-64）,MicrosoftreleasednewversionsofWindowstosupportit.ItaniumversionsofWindowsXPandWindowsServer2003werereleasedatthesametimeastheirmainstreamx86（32-bit）counterparts.OnApril25,2005,MicrosoftreleasedWindowsXPProfessionalx64EditionandWindowsServer2003x64Editionstosupportthex86-64（orx64inMicrosoftterminology）architecture.MicrosoftdroppedsupportfortheItaniumversionofWindowsXPin2005.WindowsVistawasthefirstend-userversionofWindowsthatMicrosoftreleasedsimultaneouslyinx86andx64editions.WindowsVistadoesnotsupporttheItaniumarchitecture.Themodern64-bitWindowsfamilycomprisesAMD64/Intel64versionsofWindows7andWindowsServer2008,inbothItaniumandx64editions.WindowsServer2008R2dropsthe32-bitversion,althoughWindows7doesnot.

WindowsCE

Mainarticles:

WindowsCEandWindowsPhone7

ThelatestupcomingversionofWindowsCE,WindowsEmbeddedCompact7,displayingapossibleUIforwhatthemediaplayercanlooklike.

MicrosoftWindowsCE5.0

WindowsCE（officiallyknownasWindowsEmbeddedCompact）,isaneditionofWindowsthatrunsonminimalisticcomputers,likesatellitenavigationsystemsandsomemobilephones.WindowsEmbeddedCompactisbasedonitsowndedicatedkernel,dubbedWindowsCEkernel.MicrosoftlicensesWindowsCEtoOEMsanddevicemakers.TheOEMsanddevicemakerscanmodifyandcreatetheirownuserinterfacesandexperiences,whileWindowsCEprovidesthete