TPO26阅读文本.docx
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TPO26阅读文本
TPO26
EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution
PARAGRAPH1
Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.
PARAGRAPH2
Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.
PARAGRAPH3
Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.
PARAGRAPH4
Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.
PARAGRAPH1
1、Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal"?
TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury
Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesand industriesineighteenth-centuryBritain
ToindicatethatBritain'senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel
Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century
2、Whatwas"theproblemofenergy"thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?
Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.
Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.
Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.
Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.
PARAGRAPH2
I3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt'ssteamengine?
TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain
Increasedmechanization
Morepossibilitiesformilllocation
Smallermills
4、Thephrase"apparentin"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
clearlyseenin
aidin
associatedwith
followedBy
5、Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain'smostimportantexportby1850?
Rawcotton
Cottoncloth
Steam-poweredpumps
Coal
6、Theword"consequent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
resulting
encouraging
welldocumented
immediate
7、Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?
Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.
ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.
ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.
ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedigreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.
PARAGRAPH3
8、Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?
Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.
Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.
Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.
Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalincoalmines.
9、Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:
Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron.
Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld'slargestproducerofiron.
Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.
Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.
PARAGRAPH4
10、Theword"initiated"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
anticipated
accelerated
spread
started
11、Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?
Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.
Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.
Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.
Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.
12、Thephrase"accustomedto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
inneedof
usedto
tiredof
encouragedby
13、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicate
wherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbuttheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.
14、Direction:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.
AnswerChoices
A.Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentsandincreasedproduction.
B.By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain'smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderin theproductionofcottonclothandiron.
C.Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain'seconomic expansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.
D.Oncethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlargingmarketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.
E.AnexpansionoftheIndustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbeganto importrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.
F.Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfind enoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.
SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions
PARAGRAPH1
Theharshconditionsindesertsareintolerableformostplantsandanimals.Despitetheseconditions,however,manyvarietiesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtodesertsinanumberof