Introduction to Chinese Embroidery.docx

Introduction to Chinese Embroidery.docx

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IntroductiontoChineseEmbroidery

IntroductiontoChineseEmbroidery

EmbroideryasaChinesehandicrafthaslongbeenanimportantfacetoftraditionalChineseartsandcrafts.Practicedalloverthecountry,China'smostfamousworksofembroiderycomefromSuzhou（abbr.Su）,Hunan（abbr.Xiang）,Sichuan（abbr.Shu）andGuangdong（abbr.Yue）.Embroideryasafolkartisimbuedwiththedistinctcharacteristicsofitslocality.Asanartformitfeaturesexquisitecraftsmanship,immaculateexecutionandstrongaestheticappeal.Su（Suzhou）EmbroideryiscraftedinareascenteredonSuzhou,JiangsuProvince.Itisnotedforitsbeautifulpatterns,elegantcolors,varietyofstitches,andconsummatecraftsmanship.AneedlecreatesSuembroideryonfabricasabrushpaintsapictureoncanvas.Stitchingismeticulouslyskillful,colorationsubtleandrefined.

Xiang（Hunan）EmbroiderycomesfromareascenteredonChangsha,capitalofHunanProvince.Itisdistinctforitsstarklyelegantblack,whiteandgraycoloration.Itsemphasisisoncontrastsoflightandshadethathighlightthepatterntexturetogiveathree-dimensionaleffect.XiangEmbroiderycompositioncombinesvoidandsolidimagery,utilizingemptyspaceinthesamewayasChineseink-and-washpaintings.

Yue（GuangdongorGuang）EmbroideryincludesthatcraftedinChaozhou.Itiscomposedofintricatebutsymmetricalpatterns,vibrantcolors,variedstitchesandadefinedweave.Itsuseofprimarycolors,lightandshadearereminiscentofWesternpaintings.

Shu（Sichuan）EmbroiderycomesfromareascenteredonChengdu,capitalofSichuanProvince.Itsrawmaterialsaresatinandcoloredsilk,itscraftsmanshippainstakingandrefined.Theemphasisisonevenstitching,delicatecoloration,andlocalflavor.Sichuanembroideryisusedtodecoratequiltcovers,pillowcases,garments,shoesandpaintedscreens.

Choiceofimageapart,thesuccessfulcreationofaworkofembroiderypivotsonstitchingmethods,coloration,andtheircombination.Thesefactorsaredecisivewhenapplyingdistinctembroiderytechniquestothedepictionoffigures,objects,animals,backgrounds,landscapesandornaments.

Organicdevelopmentandaccumulationovercenturieshasmadeembroideryacompleteartofrichpatternsandmalleableformsthatevokeintenseaestheticpleasure.Worksfallnaturallyintodifferentseriesaccordingtosubjectmatterandtechnique.Theyincludeoilpainting,traditionalChinesepainting,watertowns,flowers,greetingcards,pigeonsandflowervases.Examplesofpractical-useembroideredarticlesaregarments,handkerchiefs,scarvesandgreetingcards.Ondisplayarescoresofembroideredworks,includingdaily-usearticlesfromSuzhouandHunan.ThetechniquesandartisticaccomplishmentstheseworksimbueareatruereflectionofmodernChineseembroidery.

Embroidery,afolkartwithalongtradition,hasanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChineseartsandcrafts.Initslongdevelopmentembroideryhasbeeninseparablefromsilkwormraisingandsilkreelingandweaving.

Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtoweavesilk.Silkwormsweredomesticatedasearlyassome5,000yearsago.Theproductionofsilkthreadsandfabricsgaverisetotheartofembroidery.In1958,apieceofsilkembroideredwithadragonandphoenixwasdiscoveredinastateofChutomboftheWarringSatesPeriod（475-221BC）.Morethan2,000yearsold,itistheearliestpieceofChineseembroideryeverunearthed.EmbroiderybecamewidespreadduringtheHanDynasty（206BC-AD220）andmanyembroideredpiecesdiscovereddatebacktothatperiod.Today,silkembroideryispracticednearlyalloverChina.TheFourFamousEmbroideriesofChinarefertotheXiangembroideryincentralChina'sHunanProvince,ShuembroideryinwesternChina'sSichuanProvince,YueembroideryinsouthernChina'sGuangdongProvinceandSuembroideryineasternChina'sJiangsuProvince.

XiangEmbroidery

Xiangembroideryiswellknownforitstime-honoredhistory,excellentcraftsmanshipanduniquestyle.TheearliestpieceofXiangembroiderywasunearthedattheNo1TombofMawangdui,ChangshaCityoftheHanDynasty（206BC-AD220）.Theweavingtechniquewasalmostthesameastheoneusedinmoderntimes,whichdemonstratedthatembroideryhadalreadyexistedintheHanDynasty.Initslaterdevelopment,XiangEmbroideryabsorbedthecharacteristicsoftraditionalChinesepaintingsandformeditsownuniquecharacteristics.XiangembroideryexperienceditsheydayattheendoftheQingDynasty（1644-1911）andintheearlyRepublicofChina（early20thcentury）,evensurpassingSuembroidery.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,Xiangembroiderywasfurtherimprovedanddevelopedtoanewlevel.Xiangembroideryusespuresilk,hardsatin,softsatinandnylonasitsmaterial,whichisconnectedwithcolorfulsilkthreads.AbsorbingthespiritofChinesepaintings,theembroideryreachesahighartisticlevel.Xiangembroiderycraftsincludevaluableworksofart,aswellasmaterialsfordailyuse.

ShuEmbroidery

AlsocalledChuanembroidery,ShuembroideryisthegeneralnameforembroideryproductsinareasaroundChengdu,SichuanProvince.Shuembroideryenjoysalonghistory.AsearlyastheHanDynasty,Shuembroiderywasalreadyfamous.Thecentralgovernmentevendesignatedanofficeinthisareaforitsadministration.DuringtheFiveDynastiesandTenStatesperiods（907-960）,apeacefulsocietyandlargedemandprovidedadvancedconditionsfortherapiddevelopmentoftheShuEmbroideryindustry.ShuembroideryexperienceditspeakdevelopmentintheSongDynasty（960-1279）,rankingfirstinbothproductionandexcellence.Inthemid-QingDynasty,theShuembroideryindustrywasformed.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,Shuembroideryfactoriesweresetupandthecraftenteredanewphaseofdevelopment,usinginnovativetechniquesandalargervarietyofforms.

OriginatingamongthefolkpeopleinthewestofSichuanProvince,Shuembroideryformeditsownuniquecharacteristics:

smooth,bright,neatandinfluencedbythegeographicalenvironment,customsandcultures.Theworksincorporatedflowers,leaves,animals,mountains,riversand

humanfiguresastheirthemes.Altogether,thereare122approachesin12categoriesforweaving.ThecraftsmanshipofShuembroideryinvolvesacombinationoffinearts,aestheticsandpracticaluses,suchasthefacingsofquits,pillowcases,coats,shootsandscreencovers.YueEmbroidery

AlsocalledGuangembroidery,YueembroideryisageneralnameforembroideryproductsoftheregionsofGuangzhou,Shantou,Zhongshan,FanyuandShundeinGuangdongProvince.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,inthefirstyearofYongyuan'sreign（805）duringtheTangDynasty（618-907）,agirlnamedLuMeiniangembroideredtheseventhvolumeoftheFahuaBuddhistScriptureonapieceofthinsilk30cmlong.Andso,Yueembroiderybecamefamousaroundthecountry.TheprosperousGuangzhouPortoftheSongDynastypromotedthedevelopmentofYueembroidery,whichbegantobeexportedatthattime.DuringtheQingDynasty,peopleanimalhairastherawmaterialforYueembroidery,whichmadetheworksmorevivid.DuringQianlong'sreign（1736-1796）oftheQing,anindustrialorganizationwasestablishedinGuangzhou.Atthattime,alargenumberofcraftsmendevotedthemselvestothecraft,incitingfurtherimprovementstotheweavingtechnique.Since1915,theworkofYueembroiderygarneredseveralawardsatthePanamaExpo.

Influencedbynationalfolkart,Yueembroideryformeditsownuniquecharacteristics.Theembroideredpicturesaremainlyofdragonsandphoenixes,andflowersandbirds,withneatdesignsandstrong,contrastingcolors.Floss,threadandgold-and-silkthreadembroideryareusedtoproducecostumes,decorationsforhallsandcraftsfordailyuse.

SuEmbroidery

Withahistoryofmorethan3,000years,SuembroideryisthegeneralnameforembroideryproductsinareasaroundSuzhou,JiangsuProvince.Thecraft,whichdatesbacktotheThreeKingdomsPeriod（220-280）,becameasidelineofpeopleintheSuzhouareaduringtheMingDynasty（1368-1644）.Wellknownforitssmoothnessanddelicateness,SuembroiderywonSuzhouthetitleCityofEmbroideryintheQingDynasty.InthemidandlateQing,Suembroideryexperiencedfurtherdevelopmentsinvolvingworksofdouble-sidedembroidering.Therewere65embroiderystoresinSuzhouCity.DuringtheRepublicofChinaperiod（1912-1949）,theSuembroideryindustrywasindeclineduetofrequentwarsanditwasrestoredandregeneratedafterthefoundingofnewChina.In1950,thecentralgovernmentsetupresearchcentersforSuembroideryandlaunchedtrainingcoursesforthestudyofembroidery.Weavingmethodshaveclimbedfrom18tothepresent40.

Suembroideryfeaturesastrong,folkflavoranditsweavingtechniquesarecharacterizedbythefollowing:

theproductsurfacemustbeflat,therimmustbeneat,theneedlemustbethin,thelinesmustbedense,thecolormustbeharmoniousandbrightandthepicturemustbeeven.Suembroideryproductsfallintothreemajorcategories:

costumes,decorationsforhallsandcraftsfordailyuse,whichintegratedecorativeandpracticalvalues.Double-sidedembroideryisanexcellentrepresentativeofSuembroidery.

InadditiontothefourmajorembroiderystylesthereareOuembroideryofWenzhou,ZhejiangProvince;BianembroideryofKaifeng,HenanProvinceandHanembroideryofWuhan,HubeiProvince.

Chineseembroidery

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ChineseembroideryreferstoembroiderycreatedbyanyofthecultureslocatedintheareathatmakesupmodernChina.Itissomeoftheoldestextantneedlework.ThefourmajorregionalstylesofChineseembro