Introduction to Chinese Embroidery.docx
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IntroductiontoChineseEmbroidery
IntroductiontoChineseEmbroidery
EmbroideryasaChinesehandicrafthaslongbeenanimportantfacetoftraditionalChineseartsandcrafts.Practicedalloverthecountry,China'smostfamousworksofembroiderycomefromSuzhou(abbr.Su),Hunan(abbr.Xiang),Sichuan(abbr.Shu)andGuangdong(abbr.Yue).Embroideryasafolkartisimbuedwiththedistinctcharacteristicsofitslocality.Asanartformitfeaturesexquisitecraftsmanship,immaculateexecutionandstrongaestheticappeal.Su(Suzhou)EmbroideryiscraftedinareascenteredonSuzhou,JiangsuProvince.Itisnotedforitsbeautifulpatterns,elegantcolors,varietyofstitches,andconsummatecraftsmanship.AneedlecreatesSuembroideryonfabricasabrushpaintsapictureoncanvas.Stitchingismeticulouslyskillful,colorationsubtleandrefined.
Xiang(Hunan)EmbroiderycomesfromareascenteredonChangsha,capitalofHunanProvince.Itisdistinctforitsstarklyelegantblack,whiteandgraycoloration.Itsemphasisisoncontrastsoflightandshadethathighlightthepatterntexturetogiveathree-dimensionaleffect.XiangEmbroiderycompositioncombinesvoidandsolidimagery,utilizingemptyspaceinthesamewayasChineseink-and-washpaintings.
Yue(GuangdongorGuang)EmbroideryincludesthatcraftedinChaozhou.Itiscomposedofintricatebutsymmetricalpatterns,vibrantcolors,variedstitchesandadefinedweave.Itsuseofprimarycolors,lightandshadearereminiscentofWesternpaintings.
Shu(Sichuan)EmbroiderycomesfromareascenteredonChengdu,capitalofSichuanProvince.Itsrawmaterialsaresatinandcoloredsilk,itscraftsmanshippainstakingandrefined.Theemphasisisonevenstitching,delicatecoloration,andlocalflavor.Sichuanembroideryisusedtodecoratequiltcovers,pillowcases,garments,shoesandpaintedscreens.
Choiceofimageapart,thesuccessfulcreationofaworkofembroiderypivotsonstitchingmethods,coloration,andtheircombination.Thesefactorsaredecisivewhenapplyingdistinctembroiderytechniquestothedepictionoffigures,objects,animals,backgrounds,landscapesandornaments.
Organicdevelopmentandaccumulationovercenturieshasmadeembroideryacompleteartofrichpatternsandmalleableformsthatevokeintenseaestheticpleasure.Worksfallnaturallyintodifferentseriesaccordingtosubjectmatterandtechnique.Theyincludeoilpainting,traditionalChinesepainting,watertowns,flowers,greetingcards,pigeonsandflowervases.Examplesofpractical-useembroideredarticlesaregarments,handkerchiefs,scarvesandgreetingcards.Ondisplayarescoresofembroideredworks,includingdaily-usearticlesfromSuzhouandHunan.ThetechniquesandartisticaccomplishmentstheseworksimbueareatruereflectionofmodernChineseembroidery.
Embroidery,afolkartwithalongtradition,hasanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChineseartsandcrafts.Initslongdevelopmentembroideryhasbeeninseparablefromsilkwormraisingandsilkreelingandweaving.
Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtoweavesilk.Silkwormsweredomesticatedasearlyassome5,000yearsago.Theproductionofsilkthreadsandfabricsgaverisetotheartofembroidery.In1958,apieceofsilkembroideredwithadragonandphoenixwasdiscoveredinastateofChutomboftheWarringSatesPeriod(475-221BC).Morethan2,000yearsold,itistheearliestpieceofChineseembroideryeverunearthed.EmbroiderybecamewidespreadduringtheHanDynasty(206BC-AD220)andmanyembroideredpiecesdiscovereddatebacktothatperiod.Today,silkembroideryispracticednearlyalloverChina.TheFourFamousEmbroideriesofChinarefertotheXiangembroideryincentralChina'sHunanProvince,ShuembroideryinwesternChina'sSichuanProvince,YueembroideryinsouthernChina'sGuangdongProvinceandSuembroideryineasternChina'sJiangsuProvince.
XiangEmbroidery
Xiangembroideryiswellknownforitstime-honoredhistory,excellentcraftsmanshipanduniquestyle.TheearliestpieceofXiangembroiderywasunearthedattheNo1TombofMawangdui,ChangshaCityoftheHanDynasty(206BC-AD220).Theweavingtechniquewasalmostthesameastheoneusedinmoderntimes,whichdemonstratedthatembroideryhadalreadyexistedintheHanDynasty.Initslaterdevelopment,XiangEmbroideryabsorbedthecharacteristicsoftraditionalChinesepaintingsandformeditsownuniquecharacteristics.XiangembroideryexperienceditsheydayattheendoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911)andintheearlyRepublicofChina(early20thcentury),evensurpassingSuembroidery.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,Xiangembroiderywasfurtherimprovedanddevelopedtoanewlevel.Xiangembroideryusespuresilk,hardsatin,softsatinandnylonasitsmaterial,whichisconnectedwithcolorfulsilkthreads.AbsorbingthespiritofChinesepaintings,theembroideryreachesahighartisticlevel.Xiangembroiderycraftsincludevaluableworksofart,aswellasmaterialsfordailyuse.
ShuEmbroidery
AlsocalledChuanembroidery,ShuembroideryisthegeneralnameforembroideryproductsinareasaroundChengdu,SichuanProvince.Shuembroideryenjoysalonghistory.AsearlyastheHanDynasty,Shuembroiderywasalreadyfamous.Thecentralgovernmentevendesignatedanofficeinthisareaforitsadministration.DuringtheFiveDynastiesandTenStatesperiods(907-960),apeacefulsocietyandlargedemandprovidedadvancedconditionsfortherapiddevelopmentoftheShuEmbroideryindustry.ShuembroideryexperienceditspeakdevelopmentintheSongDynasty(960-1279),rankingfirstinbothproductionandexcellence.Inthemid-QingDynasty,theShuembroideryindustrywasformed.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,Shuembroideryfactoriesweresetupandthecraftenteredanewphaseofdevelopment,usinginnovativetechniquesandalargervarietyofforms.
OriginatingamongthefolkpeopleinthewestofSichuanProvince,Shuembroideryformeditsownuniquecharacteristics:
smooth,bright,neatandinfluencedbythegeographicalenvironment,customsandcultures.Theworksincorporatedflowers,leaves,animals,mountains,riversand
humanfiguresastheirthemes.Altogether,thereare122approachesin12categoriesforweaving.ThecraftsmanshipofShuembroideryinvolvesacombinationoffinearts,aestheticsandpracticaluses,suchasthefacingsofquits,pillowcases,coats,shootsandscreencovers.YueEmbroidery
AlsocalledGuangembroidery,YueembroideryisageneralnameforembroideryproductsoftheregionsofGuangzhou,Shantou,Zhongshan,FanyuandShundeinGuangdongProvince.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,inthefirstyearofYongyuan'sreign(805)duringtheTangDynasty(618-907),agirlnamedLuMeiniangembroideredtheseventhvolumeoftheFahuaBuddhistScriptureonapieceofthinsilk30cmlong.Andso,Yueembroiderybecamefamousaroundthecountry.TheprosperousGuangzhouPortoftheSongDynastypromotedthedevelopmentofYueembroidery,whichbegantobeexportedatthattime.DuringtheQingDynasty,peopleanimalhairastherawmaterialforYueembroidery,whichmadetheworksmorevivid.DuringQianlong'sreign(1736-1796)oftheQing,anindustrialorganizationwasestablishedinGuangzhou.Atthattime,alargenumberofcraftsmendevotedthemselvestothecraft,incitingfurtherimprovementstotheweavingtechnique.Since1915,theworkofYueembroiderygarneredseveralawardsatthePanamaExpo.
Influencedbynationalfolkart,Yueembroideryformeditsownuniquecharacteristics.Theembroideredpicturesaremainlyofdragonsandphoenixes,andflowersandbirds,withneatdesignsandstrong,contrastingcolors.Floss,threadandgold-and-silkthreadembroideryareusedtoproducecostumes,decorationsforhallsandcraftsfordailyuse.
SuEmbroidery
Withahistoryofmorethan3,000years,SuembroideryisthegeneralnameforembroideryproductsinareasaroundSuzhou,JiangsuProvince.Thecraft,whichdatesbacktotheThreeKingdomsPeriod(220-280),becameasidelineofpeopleintheSuzhouareaduringtheMingDynasty(1368-1644).Wellknownforitssmoothnessanddelicateness,SuembroiderywonSuzhouthetitleCityofEmbroideryintheQingDynasty.InthemidandlateQing,Suembroideryexperiencedfurtherdevelopmentsinvolvingworksofdouble-sidedembroidering.Therewere65embroiderystoresinSuzhouCity.DuringtheRepublicofChinaperiod(1912-1949),theSuembroideryindustrywasindeclineduetofrequentwarsanditwasrestoredandregeneratedafterthefoundingofnewChina.In1950,thecentralgovernmentsetupresearchcentersforSuembroideryandlaunchedtrainingcoursesforthestudyofembroidery.Weavingmethodshaveclimbedfrom18tothepresent40.
Suembroideryfeaturesastrong,folkflavoranditsweavingtechniquesarecharacterizedbythefollowing:
theproductsurfacemustbeflat,therimmustbeneat,theneedlemustbethin,thelinesmustbedense,thecolormustbeharmoniousandbrightandthepicturemustbeeven.Suembroideryproductsfallintothreemajorcategories:
costumes,decorationsforhallsandcraftsfordailyuse,whichintegratedecorativeandpracticalvalues.Double-sidedembroideryisanexcellentrepresentativeofSuembroidery.
InadditiontothefourmajorembroiderystylesthereareOuembroideryofWenzhou,ZhejiangProvince;BianembroideryofKaifeng,HenanProvinceandHanembroideryofWuhan,HubeiProvince.
Chineseembroidery
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34,April02,2010
ChineseembroideryreferstoembroiderycreatedbyanyofthecultureslocatedintheareathatmakesupmodernChina.Itissomeoftheoldestextantneedlework.ThefourmajorregionalstylesofChineseembro