行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx

行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx

《行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

行为矫正原理与方法英文

Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse

Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

AnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText

1.Generally,behaviorisanythingapersondoesorsays.Technically,behaviorisanymuscular,glandular,orelectricalactivityofanorganism.Synonymsinclude:

activity,action,performance,responding,response,andreaction.

2.Behaviorisanythingthatapersonsaysordoes.Productsofbehavioraretheconsequencesproducedbythebehavior.Forexample,studyingeffectivelyandwriting

thecorrectanswerstoquestionsonanexamarebehaviors.Gettingan“A”isaproduct

ofthosebehaviors.

3.Overtbehaviorsarebehaviorsthatcouldbeobservedandrecordedbyanindividualotherthantheoneperformingthebehavior.Forexample,walkingandtalkingareovert

behaviors.Covertbehaviorsareprivateorinternalactivitiesthatcannotbereadilyobservedbyothers.Forexample,thinkingparticularwordstooneselforfeelingnervous

（increasedheartrate,etc.）wouldbeprivatebehaviors.

4.Thinkinginwords（privateself-talk）andimaginingcanalsobereferredtoascognitive

behaviors.Forexample,ahockeyplayermaythinkbeforesteppingontheiceata

game,“Iamgoingtoplaymybestgameyet”-talk）,（privateoraselfteachermaytell

the

classtoclosetheireyesandpictureabeach（imagining）.

5.Anytwodimensionscanbedescribed.Durationofabehaviorishowlongitlasts.For

example,measuringhowlonganindividualcantreadwaterinaswimmingpool.Frequencyofabehavioristhenumberofinstancesthatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.

Forexample,afigureskatercountingthenumberoftimesthatsheorhelandsanewjumpinapracticesession.Theintensityorforceofabehaviorreferstothephysicaleffortorenergyinvolvedinemittingthebehavior.Forexample,theforceofaperson’s

gripwhenshakinghands.

6.Althoughtheirmeaningsvaryfromspeakertospeaker,theyalwaysrefertowaysofbehaving.Anintelligentperson,forexample,solvesproblemsquickly;acreativeperson

frequentlyemitsbehaviorsthatarenovelorunusualandhavedesirableeffects.

7.（a）Theymayleadtopseudoexplanationsofbehavior;（b）theycannegatively

affectthe

wayalabeledindividualmightbetreated;and（c）theymayinfluenceonetofocusonan

individual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisorherstrengths.

8.Toolittlebehaviorofaparticulartype.Forexample,achildmightnotpronouncewords

clearly,norinteractwithotherchildren.Anyothertwoappropriateexamplesareacceptable.

9.Toomuchbehaviorofaparticulartype.Forexample,achildfrequentlyplayswiththe

dialsonthetelevisionset,andthrowsfoodontheflooratmealtime.Anyothertwoappropriateexamplesareacceptable.

10.（a）Toavoidtheproblemsofusinggenerallabelstorefertoindividuals;（b）becauseitis

behaviorthatcausesconcernandbehaviorthatmustbetreatedtoalleviatetheproblems;and（c）specificproceduresareavailabletoovercomebehaviorproblems.

11.Stimuliarethepeople,objects,andeventscurrentlypresentinone’simme

surroundingsthatimpingeonone’ssensereceptorsandthatcanaffectbehavior.Any

appropriateexamplesareacceptable.

12.First,itplacesstrongemphasisondefiningproblemsintermsofbehaviorthatcan

be

measuredinsomewayandacceptingchangesinthebehavioralmeasureoftheproblem

asthebestindicatoroftheextenttowhichtheproblemisbeinghelped.Second,its

treatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofalteringanindividual’senvironm

tohelpthatindividualfunctionmorefullyinsociety.Third,itsmethodsandrationales

canbedescribedprecisely.Fourth,thetechniquesofbehaviormodificationareoften

appliedbyindividualsineverydaylife.Fifth,itstechniquesstemfrombasicand

applied

researchinthepsychologyoflearningingeneral,andintheprinciplesofoperantand

Pavlovianconditioninginparticular.Sixth,itemphasizesscientificdemonstrationthat

aparticularinterventionwasresponsibleforaparticularbehaviorchange.Seventh,it

placeshighvalueonaccountabilityforeveryoneinvolvedinbehaviormodification

programs:

client,staff,administrators,consultants,etc.

13.Behaviormodificationinvolvesthesystematicapplicationoflearningprinciples

and

techniquestoassessandimproveindividuals’covertandovertbehaviorsinorderto

enhancetheirdailyfunctioning.

14.Targetbehaviorisabehaviortobeimprovedinabehaviormodificationprogram.

A

studentmightidentifyatargetbehaviorofstudyingmore.Thiswouldbeabehavioraldeficitthatneedstobeincreased.Otherappropriateexamplesareacceptable.

15.Behavioralassessmentinvolvesthecollectionandanalysisofinformationanddatain

orderto:

（1）Identifyanddescribetargetbehaviors;

（2）Identifypossiblecausesofthebehavior;

（3）Guidetheselectionofanappropriatebehavioraltreatment;and

（4）Evaluatetreatmentoutcome.

16.Behavioranalysisisthescientificstudyoflawsthatgovernthebehaviorofhuman

beingsandotheranimals.Itisthescienceonwhichbehaviormodificationisbased.

17.Thedimensionsofappliedbehavioranalysisinclude:

（a）afocusonmeasurablebehaviorthatissociallysignificant;（b）astrongemphasisonthelearningprinciplesfrequentlyreferredtoasoperantconditioning,todeveloptreatmentstrategies;（c）anattempttoclearlydemonstratethatthetreatmentthatwasappliedwasresponsiblefortheimprovementinthebehaviorthatwasmeasured;and（d）ademonstrationofgeneralizableandlong-lastingimprovementsinbehavior.

18.（a）BehaviormodificationusestheprinciplesofbothoperantandPavlovian

conditioning,whileappliedbehavioranalysisrelieslargelyonoperantconditioning;

（b）

behaviormodificationencompassesbothbehaviortherapyandcognitivebehaviortherapy,andthereforehasacquiredabroadermeaningthanappliedbehavioranalysis.

19.Behaviortherapyisbehaviormodificationcarriedoutondysfunctionalbehavior.

20.Cognitivebehaviortherapyfocusesontreatingdysfunctionalbehaviorbychanging

unproductive,debilitatingthoughtpatternsthatwereconsideredtoberesponsibleforthedysfunctionalbehavior.

21.Anyfourofthefollowingmythsormisconceptions:

（a）Useofrewardsbybehaviormodifierstochangebehaviorisbribery;

（b）Behaviormodificationinvolvestheuseofdrugs,psychosurgery,andelectroconvulsivetherapy;

（c）Behaviormodificationonlychangessymptoms;itdoesn’tgetattheunderlying

problems;

（d）Behaviormodificationisnotapplicableforchangingcomplexproblemssuchas

low

self-esteemordepression;

（e）Behaviormodifiersarecoldandunfeelinganddon’tdevelopempathyfortheir

clients;

（f）Behaviormodifiersdealonlywithobservablebehavior;theydon’tdealwith

thoughts

andfeelingsofclients;

（g）Behaviormodificationisoutdated.

Chapter1:

Introduction

MultipleChoiceQuestionsOnMainText（Note:

*indicatesthecorrectanswer）

1.Abehavioraldeficitis:

*a）toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehaviorb）toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehavior

c）anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulus

d）anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplace

2.Abehavioralexcessis:

*a）toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehavior

b）toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehavior

c）anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulus

d）anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplace

3.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofbehavior?

a）haircolor

b）thecolorofsomeone’seyes

c）theclothessomeoneiswearing*d）dressinginthemorning

4.Inbehaviormodification,motivationandintelligencereferto:

a）innermentalprocesses*b）waysofbehaving

c）causesofbehaviord）majorsourcesofabnormality

5.Inbehaviormodification,theterm“environment”refersto:

a）theneighborhoodinwhichapersonisraised

b）thenaturalhabitatofanorganism

*c）thespecificphysicalvariablesinonetesurroundings’immedia

d）thegeneralsituationwhereonehappenstobe

6.Achilddoesnotpronouncewordsclearlyanddoesnotinteractwithotherchildren.These

areexamplesof:

a）behavioralexcessesb）behavioralabnormalities*c）behavioraldeficitsd）behavioralcharacteristics

7.Behaviormodifiersstresstheimportanceofdefiningproblemsintermsofspecificbehavioraldeficitsorbehavioralexcessesbecause:

a）therapistscanthenfocusontheindividual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisor

herstrengths

*b）itisbehaviorthatcausesconcern,andtherearespecificproceduresnowavailableto

changebehavior

c）labelinganindividualimpliesthataparticulartreatmentprogramwillbehelpful

d）labelinganindividualisusefulforquicklyprovidinggeneralinformationabouthowthat

individualmightperform

8.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofbehaviormodification?

a）Itdefinesproblemsintermsofbehavior.

b）Itstreatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofrearranginganindividual’senvironment.

c）ItstechniquesdrawextensivelyfromtheprinciplesofoperantandPavlovianconditioning.

*d）Itemphasizestheuseofsummarylabelsforclassifyingindividuals.9.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcovertbehavior?

*a）askierthinking,“IhopeIdon’tfall”b）apitcherthrowingaball

c）astudentdrinkingcoffeed）achildtalkingtoherdoginthebackyard10.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofovertbehavior?

a）feelingsofnervousness*b）yellingatsomeone

c）aboyonadatethinking,“Ilikethisgirl”d）imaginingabeautifulsunset

11.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanout