大学英语语法.docx

大学英语语法.docx

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大学英语语法

BasicEnglishGrammarandWriting

Feb.17

Practicinginlanguage

purifiedlanguage

Doyoureallyleavehomeearlytogettowork?

bearn./v./bearthefruit

YouwillsurelybearthefruitifyoufollowprofessorJiang’sinstruction.---makegreatprogress

falloffthebike/hadbetternotdosth./bebusydoingsth./bebusywithsth.

Ihavefullconfidenceinmyself./Iamfullyconfidentinmyself.

Feb.26forgrammarandbasicwriting

Introductionofthetextbookandthecontentsofwhatwearegoingtohaveinthiscourse

thepartsofspeech

non-infinitiveverbs（gerund;/infinitive;participles（presentandpast））

clauses:

nounclauses=subject/object/predicative/attributive;adverbialclauses=10

II.languagebuilding

IloveShanghai.–Hestudieshard.–IamanEnglishteacher.–Heiskeepinghiseyesopenallthetimeinclass.---Hiseyesarebeingkeptopenallthetimeinclass.

IlovelivinginShanghai.

Ilovelivinginacitywhichhasconvenientlife./Ilovelivinginacitywithconvenientlife.

III.thewholemapofthelanguageformation

ChapterIPartsofSpeech

theformationofpartsofspeech

Itconsistsofsixsubstantivewords（n.pron.num.adj.adv.v.）andfourfunctionwords（article/prep.modifiesan.–conj.–and,or,but/inter.–oh/awe…）

B.n.pron.num.----Subject/Object/Predicative/Attributive

adj.---Attributive/Predicative/Complement

adv.---Adverbial

v.---Predicate

C.Alldifferentmembersusedinasentence（–partsofspeech/non-infinitiveverbs/clauses（subject/object/predicative/attributive）—adverbialclauses）

Subject:

（7）n.pron.num./infinitive;gerund/it/subjectclause

Object:

（7）n.pron.num./infinitive;gerund/it/objectclause

Predicative:

（8）n.pron.num.adj./infinitive;gerund;participle/predicativeclause

Attributive:

（8）n.pron.num.adj./infinitive;gerund;participle/attributiveclause

Predicate:

（1）v.（transitiveandintransitiveverbs）

Complement:

（3）adj./infinitive/participle

Adverbial:

（4）adv./infinitive/participle/adverbialclauses

IV.Grammarandwritingpractice

IhavejustmovedtoahouseinBridgeStreet.Yesterdayabeggarknockedatmydoor.Heaskedmeforamealandaglassofbeer.Inreturnforthis,thebeggarstoodonhisheadandsangsongs.Igavehimameal.Heatethefoodanddrankthebeer.Thenheputapieceofcheeseinhispocketandwentaway.Later,aneighbortoldmeabouthim.Everybodyknowshim.HisnameisPercyButtons.Hecallsateveryhouseinthestreetonceamonthandalwaysasksforamealandaglassofbeer.

IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoseeyou.

IfIwereyou,Iwouldaccepthisofferofthenewjob.

Hesuggestedthatshe（should）gototheexhibitionthenextday.

Theteachertoldusthattheearthisasphericalball.

Hesaidthathewouldcomebackthenextday.

Thebosshas（makes）meworktwelvehoursaday.

Letmedoit,Ican.

Iheardhimsingingnextdoorattwelvelastnight.=Hewasheardsinging….

Iknowthemanstandingatthedoor.

Findingnooneathome,heleftangrily.=Whenhefoundnooneathome,heleftangrily.

_____,theywentswimming.

A.aswashotB.Beinghot

C.ItwashotD.Thedaybeinghot

can/could+originalv.

CouldyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?

/Canyou…

do—does（did）

DoyoulikeEnglish?

IdonotlikeEnglish.

IdolikeEnglish.

March2forGrammarandBasicWriting

I.Reviewwhatwehadlasttime

II.Thenewcourseforpartsofspeech

Partsofspeech

1.Noun

A.Whatisanoun?

Awordexpressesforperson/thing/time/placeoranabstractnameofaword.Itcanbedividedintotwobigsections:

specialnounsandgeneralnouns

1-1Specialnoun

Itstandsforperson,thing,place,organization,country,festival,month,week,magazine,mountain,river,lake,oceanetc.,thefirstlettershouldbewritteninacapitalform.

Forinstance:

AsiaChinaPeterJanuary

FridaythePacificOceanNationalDaytheYellowRiver

theChinaDailytheNewYorkTimestheUnitedStatesofAmerica

ThePeople’sRepublicofChina

*Weonlyplace‘the’beforethespecialnounsformedwithgeneralnounsi.e.theUnitedNations

1-2Generalnoun

Itstandsforperson,materialorabstractnoun.Itcanalsobeclassifiedintoindividualnouns,collectivenouns,materialnounsandabstractnouns.

Individualnouns

dogcomputerrivercarmothercity

Collectivenouns

familyclasspeoplecattleaudienceteam

clothingfurniturefruithairtraffic

Materialnouns

waterpapermilkbreadicecreammeat

Abstractnouns

lovehappinessthoughtbehaviorresponsibility

beautyhonesty

B.Countableanduncountablenouns

2-1Individualandcollectivenounsbelongtocountablenouns

Forinstance:

adeskanapple

ausefulbooktencars

Mostofthemarestudents.

Shehasmanystorybooks.

2-2Materialnounsandabstractnounsbelongtouncountablenouns

Forinstance:

weatherhousework

baggageknowledge

friendshipmachinery

educationbread

trafficrubbish

Sheisingoodhealth.

Heismakingprogresseveryday

2-3Formationofthepluralnounsconvertedfromthesingularformanditspronunciation

Formation

Pronunciation

Examples

--s

/s/and/ts/

desk—desksshop—shops

boat—boatscake—cakes

/z/and/dz/

dog—dogsgirl–-girls

key---keysfield—fields

--es

/iz/

Class—classeswatch--watches

Box—boxesdish—dishes

（Exception:

stomach–stomachs）

Endwithconsonant+y,change‘y’to‘i’+es

/iz/

party—partiesfamily—families

factory—factories

Endwithvowel+y+s

/z/

day—daysboy—boys

toy—toyskey—keys

Endwithletter‘o’+es

/z/

hero—heroespotato—potatoes

Exception:

radio—radiospiano—pianos

Endwith‘f’or‘fe’,changeitto‘v’+-es

/vz/

leaf—leavesthief—thieves

life—liveswife—wives

Endwith‘th’+s

/ðz/or/θz/

youth—youthsbath—baths

month—monthsmoth—moths

2-4irregularchangednouns

a.foot—feet;woman—women;goose—geese

b.ox---oxen;child—children

c.asheep—twosheep;adeer—fivedeer;ameans---somemeans;aJapanese---fiveJapanese;aChinese–fiveChinese

d.aFrenchman–twoFrenchmen;anEnglishman–threeEnglishmen

e.aGerman---fiveGermans;anAmerican–sixAmericans

2-5Uncountablenouns’units

apieceoffurnitureabottleofwine

agrainofsandaloafofbread

abarofsoapadropofwater

abagofricearayofsunshine

apairofshoesapairofgloves

Heboughtthreepairsofshoes.

Shehastwopairsofnewtrousers.

C.Possessionofnouns

3-1plus‘s’afteranoun

theboy’snamethebird’ssong

hisparents’roomthechildren’spicturebook

theriver’sbanktendollar’svalue

halfanhour’soperationtwentyminutes’walk

thebarber’sheruncle’s

Theteacher’sisonthethirdfloorofthisbuilding.

Ifirstsawheratmyaunt’s.

3-2‘of+noun’

thebeginningoftheyeartheendoftheterm

thecolorofthecarthewindowoftheroom

3-3both‘s’and‘of’forms

thehistoryoftheschool=theschool’shistory

thenameofthecity=thecity’sname

D.Functionsofnouns

4-1TobeSubject

Studentsarelearninginthisroom.

Thepicturesareonthewall.

4-2TobeObject

Sheopensthewindowatseveneverymorning.

IteachEnglish.

4-3TobePredicative

Thisisacomputer,

Herdaughterisafamousdancer.

4-4Tobeattributive

Heworksinacarfactory.

What’syourroomnumber?

A.Howtorecognizethe-ingforms,usedasanadjectiveoranadverbialinasentence

Sheisexcited./Thenewsisexciting.

Thisisanexcitingnews.

IheardhimsingingwhenIpassed.

（Iheardhimsinginhisroom.）

Findingnooneathome,heleftangrily.=Sincehefoundnooneathome,heleftangrily.

Followedbyherson,shewentintothekitchen.

Givenmorechances,hewouldhavebecomeasuccessfulwriter.

Thedaybeinghot,theywentswimming.

B.Howdifferentmembersareusedinlanguage?

MyproblemiswhenIcouldreallylearnEnglishwell.

Attributiveusedinlanguage

1.Thisisacarpark.

2.Therearefivecarsinthecarpark.

3.Thisishiscar.

4.Hehasablackcar.

5.Thisisthelisteningmaterialforyou.---materialforlistening

（asleepingcar–acarforsleeping

asleepingbaby--ababyforsleeping—ababyissleeping

6.Thisisamovingcar.

Thereareeightknownplanets（known）inthesolarsystem.

Theproductsmadeinourcompanyenjoyhighquality.

Theboystandingbythedoorisanewcomer.

7.Ineedafriendtoplaywith.

8.YouarejustthegirlwhomIhavebeenlookingforforyearsforthefilm.

9.Thegirlinthechairismysister.

C.infinitiveusedasadverbial

Iamsorrytobelateagain.

Youcameheretoimproveyourgrammarandbasicwriting.

Icameheretofindnooneintheclassroom.

D.collectivenounsaresometimeusedaspluralformsandsometimessingularforms

1.Hisfamilyisahappyone.

2.ThefamilyhaveagreednottoexchangegiftsduringtheSpringfestival.

3.Thefootballteamarehavingabath.

E.veryfewofthematerialnounsarecountable

Twoicecreams,please.

Twoteas,please.

F.practice1inlanguage

M:

Isthatbagheavy,Mary?

W:

Notvery.

M:

Here.Putitonthischair.What’sinit?

W:

Apieceofcheese.Aloafofbread.Abarofsoap.Abarofchocolate.Abottleofmilk.Apoundofsugar.Halfapoundofcoffee.Aquarterofpoundoftea.Andatinoftobacco.

M:

Isthattinoftobaccoforme?

W:

Well.It’scertainlynotforme.

Languagepractice2

Mydaughter,Jean,neverdreamedofreceivingaletterfromagirlo