英语四级作文 CET4写作指导.docx
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同学们,大家好。
今天,我们一起来探讨一下,四六级写作的方法和技巧,研究一下四六级高分作文的模式。
一、四六级写作技法和策略
1.对应法
由于四六级写作都是提纲式写作,有时,我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。
如:
96年6月份考题:
提纲:
1)有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。
(雨水、河水、井水……)
2)实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。
(人口增加、工业用水增加)
3)我们应该怎么办?
GlobalShortageofFreshWater
Generally,peoplethinkthatfreshwaterisinexhaustible.Everyyearthereisenoughrain.Andthereisplentyoffreshwaterintheriversandlakes.What'smore,wehavealotofundergroundwater.
Actually,freshwaterisinashortsupply.Duetotherapidpopulationincrease,freshwaterconsumptionremainsgreat.Besides,withthedevelopmentofindustry,morewaterisneeded.Moreover,alotofourriversandlakeshavebeensopollutedthatwaterfromthemisundrinkable.
Wemusttakesomemeasurestosolvetheproblemofwatershortage.First,populationgrowthshouldbesloweddowntoreducefreshwaterdemand.Second,pollutionshouldbecontrolledtopurifyfreshwaterintheriversandlakes.Whatismostimportant,weshouldcherisheverydripofwaterinourdailylife.
再如:
95年1月份试题:
提纲:
1)有人认为钱是幸福之本(sourceofhappiness)
2)有人认为金钱是万恶之源(rootofevil)
3)我的看法。
Somethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Oncetheyhavemoney,theywillenjoyeverything.Theycanusethemoneytheyhavetobuy,abeautifulhouseorevenawife.
Someothersthinkthatmoneyistherootofallevil.Duetothegreedformoney,peoplewilldovariouskindsofevilthings,suchasstealing,robbingorevenmurder.Moneycaneasilychangeakind,honestmanintoacruel,cunningwoe.
Inmyopinion,bothoftheabove-mentionedviewpointsgotoanextreme.Moneyitselfisneithergoodnorevil.Italldependsonhowwelookatit.
Wecannotdenytheimportanceofmoneyinthemodernsociety.Meanwhile,weshouldnotignorethefactthatsomethingcannotbeboughtbymoney,suchasfriendship,trueloveandsoon.
这两例都是采用了对应写作方式,将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段,三段之间相互衔接,构成一个完整的篇章。
2.调整法
尽管是提纲式写作,提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容,却不是文章的结构模式,一般情况下,同学们应根据英语文章的类型,重新安排文章。
如上面有关'钱'的一个写作,按照英语的表达习惯,最好是加上一个引子。
Whatismoney?
Tothisquestion,differentpeopleholddifferently.Somethingmoneyisthesourceofhappiness,whilesomeregarditastherootofallevils.AsfarasIamconcerned,theybothhavetheirreasonsThosewhoconsidermoneyasthesourceofhappinessarguethatmoneymeansmassivehouse,beautifulclothes,orluxuriouscars,andcanenablethemandtheirfamilieslivecomfortably.Theyevenbelievethatmoneycanbringpower,friendship,andlove.Butduetothetemptationofmoney,therearemanypeoplewhobecomethieves,robbers,ormurderers.Itisalsooutofthegreedformoneythatsomeofficialsforgettheirdutyandcauseenormouslossestothecountry,sosomepeoplethinkthatmoneyistherootofallevilandsuggestthatwekeepawayfrommoney.
Infact,moneyismerelyamediumofexchange.Itmaybringyouhappiness;itmayleadyoutoalifeofcrime.Whetheritisgoodorbaddependsonhowitisused.
二、首段和尾段的写作
上一讲中我们介绍了段落的扩展模式,也就是说,我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。
根据四六级写作的特点,一般首段和尾段都要自己补上,那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢,下面我介绍一下,首尾段的写作方式。
1.首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为:
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题,2)导入主题,然后提出自己的观点,也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有:
1)谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受,用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
Asthesayinggoes,'Moneymakesthemarego',buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…
2)定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释,限定其范围,这样比较有利于引出主题。
'Practicemakesperfect'isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.
3)提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题,可以激发读者的兴趣,从而引出主题。
a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?
Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?
Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?
b.Whatisagoodstudent?
Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.
4)概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状,然后引出主题。
Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.
5)故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣,从而提出自己的观点。
如下面'IsStressaBadThing?
'
6)引语法
'Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained.'FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.
7)调查法
为了得到读者的认可,文章的开始可以引出调查数据等,借以提出主题,如下面'IsStressaBadThing?
'的1)和'CanSchoolchildrenStartUsingtheInternet?
'的4)。
8)假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择,交代文章要涉及的问题,从而提出文章的主题。
Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?
…
9)综合法
具体写作时,同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式,可以将上述方法总和起来。
首段示例1:
题目:
IsStressaBadThing?
提纲:
1)有人害怕压力
2)有人认为压力并不是一件坏事
3)我的看法
'Ican'tstandthepressureandcompetition,'explainedonefriendofminewhenaskedwhyhedecidedtoquithishighly-paidbutdemandingpositioninhiscompanyrecently.Myfriendmayhavehisownreasons,butIdon'tthinkhisdecisioniswiseinreality.
Itistruethatmyfriend'scaseisnotunique.Inthelastfewyearsquiteanumberofmenandwomenhavechosentodosomethinglesscompetitiveatthecostofacomfortable,easylifeahighly-paidjobcanobtain.Theyareafraidthatthestressesandstrainsofworkwillrobthemofjoyandhappinessanddothemharmbothphysicallyandmentally.Infact,however,stressisn'tthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Unlessitgetsoutofcontrol,acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandchallenge,andtogivepurposeandsignificancetoanotherwisemeaningless,idlelife.Peopleunderstresstendtoexpresstheirfullrangeofpotentialandtoactualizetheirownpersonalworth-theveryaimofahumanlife.
Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Whatwecandoistodevelopouradaptiveabilitiestodealwithitratherthantoescapefromit.
就这一标题而言,根据所提示的提纲,首段的写作还可以采用下列方式:
1)Accordingtoarecentsurvey,inthelastfewyears,quiteanumberofyoungpeoplehavechosentoquittheirdemandingbuthighly-paidjobs.
Althoughtheymayhavetheirownrespectivereasons,Idon'tthinktheirdecisioniswiseinreality.
2)Whichjobdoyouprefer,ahighly-paidbutverycompetitivepositionorapoorly-paidbutalsolessdemandingjob?
Youmaychoosethelatterandhaveyourownreasons,butIdon'tthinkthischoiceiswiseenoughwhateverreasons.
3)Facedwithahardanddemandingtask,people'sattitudevarieswidely:
sometrytoavoiditandothersregarditasachallengetotheirabilities.
Infactthechoicewemakebetween'flight'or'fightmakethedifferencebetweenleadersandmediocrities(平庸之辈).
首段示例2:
标题:
CanSchoolchildrenStartUsingtheInternet?
提纲:
1)随着科技的发展,网络越来越普及;
2)网络有其优点但也有缺点;
3)我的观点
根据上面的提示,首段可有下列几种方式:
1)Nowadays,usingtheInternethasbecomeafashion.ManyparentsbegintoteachtheirchildrentousetheInternet.However,therearediverseopinionsonthis.Somethinkitwise,butIdon'tagreewiththem.
2)Today,theInternetisbecomingmoreandmorecommon.Itbeginstoplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinoursocietyandlife.It'ssousefulthatmostadultsarelearninghowtouseit.Whataboutchildren?
Ofcoursetheycanstartusingit.
3)Today,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternetisbeginningtoplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinourlife.MoreandmorepeoplearestartingtousetheInternet,includingschoolchildren.However,IthinkschoolchildrenaretooyoungtostartusingtheInternet.
4)Accordingtoarecentsurvey,Internetusersarebecomingyoungerandyounger,andInternetbarshavebecomearesortforschoolchildrenwhologintochatorplaygames.Facedwiththisphenomenon,manypeopleargueformeasurestopreventschoolchildrenfromusingtheInternet,andIthinktheyhavetheirreasons.
2.结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有:
1)重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题,与首段照应。
Familiesofferuswarmthandcare.Friendsgiveusstrengthandhorizon.Theybothhelpusunderstandtheworldasitis.Bothofthemarethedearestpartsinourlife.
2)提出建议
Sincepostcardsdousmoreharmandgood,sincewehavemanyotherwaystoconveyourfeelingsandpromoteourfriendship,Ihopeeveryonewilltakeactionsnowtostopusingpostcards.
3)概括总结
Aswecanseefromtheabove,livinginthesuburbwecanstayawayfrompollution,leadaneasyleisuretime,andneedn'tinvesttoomuchmoney,soIpreferlivinginthesuburbtolivinginthecity.
4)引用名人名言
Inparticular,IenjoywhatFrancisBaconsaid'Studiesservefordelight,forornamentandforability.'
5)综合法
与首段一样,结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。
一般说来,总结加建议的比较多。
尾段示例1:
如'网络'的结论段可以如下所示:
10)Asweallknow,thenextcenturywillbecomeoneoftheInternet.
Internetwillbecomemoreandmoreimportantinbothourdailylifeandourwork.SoIsuggestthatschoolchildrenshouldstartusingtheInternet.
11)SoIthinkschoolchildrennotonlycanstartusingtheInternet,butalsoshouldstartusingitTheyaresuretobenefitalotfromtheinternet.
12)Internetcanhelpourchildrenknowtheworld,getusefulinformationandenrichtheirknowledge.SoIthinkschoolchildrencanstartusingtheInternet.
13)Inaword(Inconclusion/Insummary/Tosumup/Inshort),theInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimport