课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解.docx

课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解.docx

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课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解

考点3阅读理解

一、科普知识类

（2014·重庆卷·C）话题:

生活　　词数:

259w　难度:

★★★★

　　Theideaofbeingabletowalkonwaterhaslonginterestedhumansgreatly.Sadly,biologicalfactspreventuseveraccomplishingsuchathingwithoutartificialaid—wesimplyweightoomuch,andallourmasspushesdownthroughourrelativelysmallfeet,resultinginalotofpressurethatmakesussink.

　　However,severaltypesofanimalscanwalkonwater.OneofthemostinterestingisthecommonbasiliskBasilicusbasilicus,alizard（蜥蜴）nativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.Itcanrunacrosswaterforadistanceofseveralmeters,avoidinggettingwetbyrapidlyhittingthewater’ssurfacewithitsfeet.Thelizardwilltakeasmanyas20stepspersecondtokeepmovingforward.Forhumanstodothis,we’dneedhugefeetthatwecouldbringuptoourearsinordertocreateadequate“hitting”.

　　Butfortunatelythereisanalternative:

cornflour.Byaddingenoughofthiscommonthickeningagenttowater（anditdoestakealot）,youcancreatea“non-Newtonian”liquidthatdoesn’tbehavelikenormalwater.Now,ifthesurfaceofthewaterishithardenough,particles（粒子）inthewatergrouptogetherforamomenttomakethesurfacehard.Movequicklyenoughandputenoughforceintoeachstep,andyoureallycanwalkacrossthesurfaceofanadequatelythickliquidofcornflour.

　　Funthoughallthismaysound,it’sstillrathermessyandbetterreadaboutintheorythancarriedoutinpractice.Ifyoumustdoit,thenkeepthewaterwingshandyincaseyoustarttosink—andtakeashowerafterward!

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。

水上行走虽然非常有趣,从理论来说是可能的,但在实践中是不切实际的,这主要是由人体的局限性造成的。

44.Walkingonwaterhasn’tbecomearealitymainlybecausehumans　　　.

A.arenotinterestedinit

B.havebiologicallimitations

C.havenotinventedpropertools

D.areafraidtomakeanattempt

【解析】选B。

细节理解题。

根据第一段中的Sadly,biologicalfactspreventuseveraccomplishingsuchathing...可知,水上行走不能实现是由人体的局限性造成的。

45.WhatdoweknowaboutBasilicusbasilicusfromthepassage?

A.Itislightenoughtowalkonwater.

B.Itshugefeetenableittostayabovewater.

C.Itcanrunacrosswateratacertainspeed.

D.Itsuniqueskinkeepsitfromgettingwetinwater.

【解析】选C。

推理判断题。

根据第二段中的Itcanrunacrosswater...willtakeasmanyas20stepspersecondtokeepmovingforward.可知,Basilicusbasilicus可以以一定的速度在水上跑。

46.Whatisthefunctionofthecornflouraccordingtothepassage?

A.Tocreateathickliquid.

B.Toturnthewaterintosolid.

C.Tohelptheliquidbehavenormally.

D.Toenablethewatertomoverapidly.

【解析】选A。

细节理解题。

根据第三段中的particlesinthewatergrouptogetherforamomenttomakethesurfacehard可知,玉米粉的功能是形成浓厚的液体,以形成坚硬的表面。

47.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheideaofhumans’walkingonwater?

A.Itisriskybutbeneficial.

B.Itisinterestingandworthtrying.

C.Itiscrazyandcannotbecomeareality.

D.Itisimpracticalthoughtheoreticallypossible.

【解析】选D。

观点态度题。

根据最后一段中的Funthoughallthismaysound,it’sstillrathermessyandbetterreadaboutintheorythancarriedoutinpractice.可知,作者认为水上行走虽然从理论来说是可能的,但是不切实际。

（2014·辽宁卷·C）

话题:

树木生存法则　　词数:

267W　　难度:

★★★

Woulditsurpriseyoutolearnthat,likeanimals,treescommunicatewitheachotherandpassontheirwealthtothenextgeneration?

UBCProfessorSimardexplainshowtreesaremuchmorecomplexthanmostofuseverimagined.AlthoughCharlesDarwinthoughtthattreesarecompetingforsurvivalofthefittest,Simardshowsjusthowwronghewas.Infact,theoppositeistrue:

treessurvivethroughtheirco-operationandsupport,passingaroundnecessarynutrition“dependingonwhoneedsit”.

Nitrogen（氮）andcarbonaresharedthroughmilesofundergroundfungi（真菌）networks,makingsurethatalltreesintheforestecologicalsystemgiveandreceivejusttherightamounttokeepthemallhealthy.Thishiddensystemworksinaverysimilarwaytothenetworksofneurons（神经元）inourbrains,andwhenonetreeisdestroyed,itaffectsall.

Simardtalksabout“mothertrees”,usuallythelargestandoldestplantsonwhichallothertreesdepend.Sheexplainshowdyingtreespassonthewealthtothenextgeneration,transportingimportantmineralstoyoungtreessotheymaycontinuetogrow.Whenhumanscutdown“mothertrees”withnoawarenessofthesehighlycomplex“treesocieties”orthenetworksonwhichtheyfeed,wearereducingthechancesofsurvivalfortheentireforest.

“Wedidn’ttakeanynoticeofit,”Simardsayssadly.“Dyingtreesmovenutritionintotheyoungtreesbeforedying,butwenevergivethemchance.”Ifwecouldputacrossthemessagetotheforestryindustry,wecouldmakeahugedifferencetowardsourenvironmentalprotectioneffortsforthefuture.

【文章大意】本文主要讲述了与达尔文的“适者生存论”相反的howtreesocietieswork这一新发现。

29.Theunderlinedsentence“theoppositeistrue”inParagraph2probablymeansthattrees　　　.

A.competeforsurvival

B.protecttheirownwealth

C.dependoneachother

D.providesupportfordyingtrees

【解析】选C。

细节理解题。

文中第二段提到CharlesDarwinthoughtthattreesarecompetingforsurvivalofthefittest（达尔文的适者生存）,而UBCProfessorSimard却认为“正好相反”,下文接着论述树木是如何相互依赖以达到生存目的的。

故C项表述正确。

30.“Mothertrees”areextremelyimportantbecausethey　　　.

A.lookthelargestinsizeintheforest

B.passonnutritiontoyoungtrees

C.seemmorelikelytobecutdownbyhumans

D.knowmoreaboutthecomplex“treesocieties”

【解析】选B。

细节理解题。

根据文章第四段中的Simardtalksabout“mothertrees”,usuallythelargestandoldestplantsonwhichallothertreesdepend.可知,mothertrees是其他树木的依靠,下文接着提到...howdyingtreespassonthewealthtothenextgeneration,transportingimportantmineralstoyoungtreessotheymaycontinuetogrow.故B项“给幼树提供营养”正确。

31.Theunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphrefersto　　　.

A.how“treesocieties”work

B.howtreesgrowold

C.howforestryindustrydevelops

D.howyoungtreessurvive

【解析】选A。

词义猜测题。

“Wedidn’ttakeanynoticeofit,”Simardsayssadly.是对上面一个段落中提到的mothertrees如何传递营养给幼树的一个解释和说明,是承接上段的内容,故it指的是“树木家族如何运转、传递营养”这一内容。

32.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.OldTreesCommunicateLikeHumans

B.YoungTreesAreInNeedOfProtection

C.TreesAreMoreAwesomeThanYouThink

D.TreesContributeToOurSociety

【解析】选C。

主旨大意题。

本文主要讲述how“treesocieties”work这一新发现。

故C项正确。

（2014·湖北卷·C）

话题:

动物行为研究　词数:

322　难度:

★★★★

　　Workingwithagroupofbaboons（狒狒）intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.

Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.

Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.

Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive（认知的）tasksnotbecausetheyaren’tcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.

Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydon’tassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.

【文章大意】对动物行为的研究折射人类文化的形成。

59.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.ThedesignofDr.Carter’sresearch.

B.TheresultsofDr.Carter’sresearch.

C.ThepurposeofDr.Carter’sresearch.

D.ThesignificanceofDr.Carter’sresearch.

【解析】选A。

段落大意题。

通过第一段最后一句“Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.”可知第一段主要论述了Dr.Carter进行的研究计划。

60.Accordingtotheresearch,whichbaboonsaremorelikelytocompleteanewlearningtask?

A.Thosethathavemoreexperience.

B.Thosethatcanavoidpotentialrisks.

C.Thosethatliketoworkindependently.

D.Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning.

【解析】选D。

细节理解题。

根据第三段第二句“Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.”可知选择Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning。

61.Whichbestillustratesthe“mismatch”mentionedinParagraph4?

A.Somebaboonsareintelligentbutslowinlearning.

B.Somebaboonsareshybutactiveinsocialactivities.

C.Somebaboonsobserveothersbutdon’tfollowthem.

D.Somebaboonsperformnewtasksbutdon’tconcentrate.

【解析】选C。

词义猜测题。

根据第四段第一句得知这种mismatch的行为应在上文第三段已经提及,因此可以定位到第三段“Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.”所以答案选C。

62.Dr.Carter’sfindingsindicatethatourculturemightbeformedthrough　　　.

A.storinginformation

B.learningfromeachother

C.understandingdifferentpeople

D.travellingbetweensocialgroups

【解析】选B。

推理判断题。

根据最后一段最后一句可知文化是人们在相互学习、交流中形成的。

（2014·江西卷·D）

D

Everyonelooksforwardtoprogress,whetherinone’spersonallifeorinthegeneralsociet