城市计划三大宪章.docx

城市计划三大宪章.docx

《城市计划三大宪章.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《城市计划三大宪章.docx（26页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

城市计划三大宪章

三大宪章

北京宪章（英文）BEIJINGCHARTERPresentedattheXXCongressoftheUIA,Beijing,23-26June1999ProfessorWuLiangyong          Ontheeveofthenewmillennium,wearchitectsfromallnationsoftheworldgatherinBeijing,anancientcapitaloftheOrient,forthe20thCongresswhichcelebratestheyearofJubileefortheInternationalUnionofArchitects.        Thepresentisbornofthepast,andyetthefuturerestswiththepresent.Weareheretoreflectonthepast,toaccountforthepresent,andultimatelytoformulateaconsciousplanofactionforabetterandliveablehumanhabitatofthe21stcentury.      Theworld'sgeographicaldistanceshaveshrunk,althoughtheregionaldisparitiesaregrowing.Yetthisagehasendowedallofuswithacommonmission.Itrequiresustocometotermswiththepresent,facethechallenges,developaholisticthinkingandco-ordinateourefforts.  1    COMINGTOTERMSWITHOURCENTURIES  The20thcentury:

unparalleledconstructionanddestruction      The20thcenturyhasseenunprecedentedmagnificenceandprogress,andalsoincomparablecalamityandconfusion.      The20thcenturyhasenrichedthehistoryofarchitectureinitsuniquemanner:

architectshaveplayedanadmirableroleinthereconstructionthatfollowedthetwoworldwars;technicalandartisticinnovationsonamassivescalehaveintroducedfineexamplesofdesigntothepopulouslikeneverbefore.      But,thisisnottodenythatmuchofthebuiltenvironmentisstillinadeeplyunsatisfactorystate.Theverysurvivalofhumankindisunderthreatamidstsquanderingoftheworld'snaturalandculturalheritage.Inaffluentregions,redevelopmentwasoftentobecomedestructionbyconstruction;inthepoorerareas,pauperisedmassesarestrugglingtobuildtheirowncitiesoftomorrow.      Overthepastcentury,theworldhasturnedintoaverydifferentplace.Yetonethingremainsthesame:

wearchitectsareagainatacrossroadsasaworldprofession.    The21stcentury:

aturningpoint      Thediversityandcomplexityoftheworldhascreatedmuchconfusion;yetitisbutpartoftheeternalprocessofchange.Thepresentcenturyhasseenremarkablereformanddevelopmentinpolitics,economics,technology,andsociety,andtheresurgenceofhumanideas.Inthecomingcentury,thepaceoftransformationisexpectedtoaccelerate,thoughitsdirectionmaybeevenhardertotell.      Inthecomingcentury,thecoexistenceofglobalisationandpluralismwillbringtoaheadtheconflictsandthecontradictionsthatcharacteriseourage.Ontheonehand,modernmeansofcommunicationhavebroughtintoclosecontactdiverseculturesandtraditions;globalintegrationofproduction,financeandtechnologycontinuestodominatedecisionmaking.Ontheotherhand,thegapbetweentherichandthepooriswideningatanalarmingrate;regionalstrifeandfinancialuncertaintiescastasinistershadowuponthehumanhabitat.      Whilstweshouldnottakeontasksoutsideourprofessionalremit,itwouldbebothirresponsibleandfoolishtoignorethetorrentofsocialandculturalchangethatisredefiningthescopeofthearchitecturalprofession.Aconsciousreconsiderationoftheroleof21stcenturyarchitecturecallsforourenthusiasm,strengthandcourage.  2    THECHALLENGESTHATWEFACE  Interwovenquestions      Nature'srevenge      Theindustrialrevolutionunleashedtremendoushumanpower,yetmanyatriumphovernaturewasachievedataharrowingcost.Thepastcenturyhasseenpopulationexplosion,encroachmentoffarmlandanddeteriorationofwater,airandlandresources.Environmentalcrisesimpingeontheveryexistenceofhumankind.      Wedonotknowenoughabouttheecosystem,yetecologicaldisastershaverevealeditsfragileconfines.Fromahistoricalpointofview,wedonotowntheworldthatwelivein:

wesimplyhaveitonloanfromourchildren.Inwhatstateshallwehandovertownandcountrytoourchildren?

Inwhatwaycananarchitectcontributetothefutureofhumancivilisationthroughplanninganddesign?

      Overwhelmingurbanisation      Tobettertheirlives,peoplecongregateinthecity,wherescience,technologyandculturehavebroughtaboutproductivitythathadneverbeenforeseen.The20thcenturyhasseenthebrightestlights,sofar,ofmetropolitanlife.Nevertheless,thecenturyaheadisthetrueurbaneraas,forthefirsttimeinhistory,urbandwellerswilloutnumberthosewholiveintraditionalruralways.      Yet,hardlyhadtheslumsbeendemolished,didthecitiesseetheresurgenceofanunderclass.Segregationoftherichandthepoor,congestionoftrafficandlanduse,andpersistenceofnoiseandemissionshaveworsenedincitieslargeandsmall.Canourcitiessurvive?

Webuildthecities;yetwhydowefeelsopowerlesswhenweattempttomakeanychange?

Inwhatwaycanweshapetheurbanhabitat,asitshapesusatthesametime?

Willthetraditionalconceptssurviveinthecitiesofthenextcentury?

      Technologyasadouble-edgedsword      Inthepastcenturymoderntechnologyincreasedproductivitytoadegreeneverbeforeexperienced.Newmaterials,newstructuresandnewequipmenthaveprovideduniqueopportunitiesforthedesignersofthe20thcentury.Modernmeansofcommunicationhavebroughtthediverseculturesintoclosecontact.      Technologyhasledmankindtoanewcrossroads,yetwearestillintheprocessofharnessingitspowerandpotential.Technologymodifiesthetraditionalrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,andthusconstantlychallengestheexistingnormsoflifestylesandvalues.Inwhatwaycanhumankindderivebenefitsfromtechnology,whilstavoidingtheharmofwhichitisshowntobecapable?

      Geniuslociindefault      Thecultureofarchitecturecomesfromalocalaccumulationofhistory.Itmanifestsitselfamongthebuiltformsandinday-to-dayliving,exertingavoicelessinfluenceontheexperienceandbehaviouroftheinhabitants.Inasense,itisthesoulofourcities,townsandvillages.      However,globalisationoftechnologyhasmadepeoplemoreandmoreseparatedfromtheirland.Standardisedcommercialproductioninterruptstheevolutionoflocalbuiltforms.Traditionaldesigntechniquesareconfronted.Localidentitiesfadeaway.Whatcontributioncananarchitectmaketobringbackthesoulofcitiesandtownswhichcharacterisedthemduringthepastcenturies?

    Acommontheme,acommonfuture      Thechallengeswefacearemultifacetedandoverwhelming.Theyareinfacttheembodimentofcomplexsocial,political,economicandculturalprocessesatlevelsbothlocalandglobal.Ourdiscussionmustnotstopatthemeremanifestationofsuchprocesses.Rather,aneffectivesolutiononlycomesfromathoroughunderstandingofthedialecticnatureoftheforceswhichareshapingourbuiltenvironmenttoday.      Thesearchforeffectivesolutionsatagloballevelissupportedbyourcommonaspirationsforasustainablefutureonthisplanet.Ourworldisaninterdependentworld.Thefutureprospectsofonenationtoalargeextentrestonthefutureofothernations.Bythesametoken,thefutureofarchitecturedependsonanunderstandingandassimilationoftheachievementsofotherdisciplinesandprofessions.Itisthiscommonthemethatwillbringustogethertolayoutacommonfutureinthe21stcentury.  3    TOWARDSANINTEGRALARCHITECTURE      Duringthepast50years,thearchitectsoftheworldhavemettodebateoveralargenumberofissues.Thesedebateshavemuchfurtheredourunderstandinginallbranchesofarchitecture.Itisthereforeappropriatetoreviewtheprogresssofarandredefinethelimits,thecontents,andtheorganisationofourdisciplineandprofession.    Thetheoreticalpremises      Overthecenturiestheroleofanarchitectisconstantlymodifiedtosuittheneedsandrequirementsofitstime.Wheretraditionalmethodsareshowntobeinadequate,newapproachesaredevelopedtotaketheirplace.Yetwithoutexception,eachredefinitionpushestheboundaryofarchitectureoutwardsforawidercoverage,aswellasinwardsforhigherdegreesofspecialisationinthecomponentparts.The20thcenturyisperhapsthemostexemplaryinthisregard.      Awidercoverageofitscontentsandfinerdegreesofspecialisationhaveempoweredthe20thcenturyarchitectwithunprecedentedprofessionalopportunitiesandpotential,yetatapersonallevel,anexpandingprofessionwithgrowingspecialisationcanseemelephantine.Inasense,thearchitects'TowerofBabelappearstohavefallen:

itisincreasinglydifficultforonearchitecttograsptheexpertiseofafellowcolleague;althoughthebodyofknowledgehasgrowncollectively,theoutlookofanysingledesignertendstobecomeparadoxicallynarrowandfragmented.Thespecialistexpertiseisbroughttogetherthroughfinancialtiesandmanagerialskills,ratherthanacoherentintellectualframework.Asaresult,theroleofanarchitectcontinuestobemarginalisedinthedecisionmakingoverthehumanhabitattoday.      Fromthepointofviewofanarchitect,hisorherabilitytoproposecreativedesignsolutionsdependscriticallyontheintellectualandprofessionalspheresheorshecommands.Narrowandfragmentedindividualoutlookscannotbemadetowork,howeverwonderfullytheindividualdesignersaremanagedexternally.Nevertheless,anygivenpersoncannotandshouldnotattempttomasterthewholebodyofknowledgeofourprofession.Quovadis?

      ClassicalChinesephilosopherswenttogreatpainstopinpointthedifferencesbetweenmethodology（alternativelytranslatedasDaoorTao）whichconcernsanintellectualframework,andmethods（Fa）whic