西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx

西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx

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西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦

1.AmericanGovernment

Constitution

TheUnitedStatesisaconstitutionaldemocracy,atypeofgovernmentcharacterizedbylimitations（boundaries,restrictions）ongovernmentpowerspelledoutinawrittenconstitution.Writtenin1787,theU.S.Constitutionisboththeoldestandshortestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.Itservesasthesupreme（highest,greatest）law（rule,regulation）oftheUnitedStates.

TheConstitution

•TheConstitutionoutlinesafederalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranches:

thelegislative（lawmaking）branch（Congress）,theexecutive（decision-making）branch（thepresidency）,andthejudicialbranch（thecourts）.

BillofRights

ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution,whichsafeguardsomespecificrightsoftheAmericanpeopleandthestates.

•Manystatesratified（approved）theConstitutionin1788and1789ontheconditionthatCongressamendittoguaranteecertaincivilliberties.JamesMadisondraftedthesefirsttenamendmentshimself,whichcollectivelybecameknownasthe BillofRights. TheBillofRightsprotectssomespecificrightsofboththeAmericanpeopleandthestates.Thetableonthenextpagesummarizesthetwenty-sevenamendmentstotheConstitution

LegislativeBranch

Congressisthelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernmentandisresponsibleforcreatinglaws.

Congressconsistsoftwochambers,anupperchambercalledtheSenate（100members）andalowerchambercalledtheHouseofRepresentatives（435members）.

HORisfixedandproportionallydistributedamongthe50states,eachonerepresentingthecongressionaldistrict.

Senate:

100senators,2perstate.

Congress

•Congresshasthesole（only）authoritytomakelaws,levytaxes,declarewar,andprintmoney,amongotherpowers.Congressalsocontrolsthefederalbudget.

ExecutiveBranch

•Thepresidencyistheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment.ThepresidentiselectedeveryfouryearsandisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsthatCongressmakes.Thepresidentisalsothecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandhasthepowertoconductforeignrelations.

JudicialBranch

•Thefederalcourtsmakeupthejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernment,whichconsistsofregionalcircuitcourts,appealscourts,andtheSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestlegalauthorityinthecountryandhasassumedthepowerofjudicialreviewtodecidethelegality（validity,truth）ofthelawsCongressmakes.

MythicalFounding

•MostAmericansre-imaginethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesinmythicalterms,asthetriumphofwisdomovertyrannicalignoranceandasthecreationofsomethingnewandimportantintheworld.

•AmericancitizenstendtoreveretheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution,andtheFoundingFathersareseenasmodelsofvirtue（quality）andpoliticalwisdom.

•TheiconicimageofGeorgeWashingtonontheone-dollarbillorthestatueofAbrahamLincolninsidetheLincolnMemorialfitsinwiththisheroicvisionofthefounders.

StruggleAgainstTyrannyandInjustice

MostAmericansoftenthinkoftheircountryasthechampionofdemocracyandjustice.ManyeventsinAmericanhistoryarethereforeseenaspartofthisstruggle.Americanstendtothinkofthe:

•CivilWarasabattletoendslavery

•WorldWarIIasthedefeatofeviltyrants

•ColdWarasatriumphofdemocraticvaluesovercommunismandtotalitarianism.Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.（Worldpolice）

–Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.（Worldpolice）

HistoryasProgress

•AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisnotaperfectdemocracy,manyAmericansinterpretitshistoryasprogresstowardabetterdemocracy.Inthisview,Americahasimprovedfromcenturytocentury,gettingbetterandmoredemocraticovertime.Theexpansionoftherighttovoteisthebestexample.

•e.g.,Atthestartoftherepublic,therighttovotewasrestrictedinmostplacestoolder,wealthy,whitelandowners.

RighttoVote

•Overtime,allcitizenswontherighttovote

Includingthemiddleclasses,thepoor,Women（1920）,Peopleofotherraces（1965）,Youngerpeople（1970）,Americandemocracyhasthusgrownasmorepeoplehavebeenallowedtoparticipate.

2.SuperheromythologyregIntro:

History

Whatisamyth?

Astoryofunknownauthorshipthatpeopletoldlongagoinanattempttoanswerseriousquestionsabouthowimportantthingsbeganandoccurred.

Theyarestoriesthatexplainnaturaloccurrencesandexpressbeliefsofrightandwrong.Mythsusuallyhaveareligiousorspiritualsense

•Theyareearlymansdesiretoexplaintheuniverse.

i.e.,Apollo,thesonofZeus,drovethechariotofthesunacrossthesky

GodsandGoddesses

•Thegods,goddesses,andheroesaresuperhumaninnature.

i.e.,Atlasboretheweightoftheworldandtheheavensonhisshoulders.

•Godssometimesappearindisguisedform

•HumanemotionsareexperiencedbytheGods

–i.e.,Hera’sjealousy（wewilltalkaboutthisinamoment）

CommonThemesinMythology

•Goodvs.EvilLightvs.Dark

•AmetamorphosismayoccurLikeabutterfly

•InGreekmythology

–Thestorieswerepartoftheirreligion

–Theirfestivalsandritualpracticescamefromthestories

WhatisGreekMythology?

TheancientGreekswerepolytheistic,meaningtheyworshipedmultiplegods.Theyalsotoldmanystories（myths）aboutthegods,whichweremeanttoguidehumanbehaviorandteachabouttherelationshipbetweengodsandhumans.

•ThepeopleofancientGreecesharedstoriescalledmythsaboutthegods,goddesses,andheroesinwhichtheybelieved.

•EachgodorgoddesswasworshippedasadeityandruledovercertainareasoftheGreeks’lives.

•Theseexcitingstoriesexplainednaturalphenomenathatcouldnotbeexplainedbyscienceintheancientworld.

Whyisitimportant?

“AsoneofthemajorcontributorstoWesterncivilization,ancientGreekculturehasprovidedthecreativeenergyandprototypesforlaterformsofWesternsociety.Intellectualandculturalachievements,togetherwithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentsinancientGreeceanditsneighboringareas,marktherealbeginningofWesterncivilizationandtheendingoftheuncivilized,barbarousage”（pg.7）.

•TheAncientGreekculturehasbeenkeptalivebytheoralandlaterwrittenstorieshandeddownthroughthousandsofyears.

•Modernplays,novels,televisionprograms,moviesandevenadvertisementsrefertoGreekgods,goddesses,heroesandtheirstories.

•TheirhistoryentertainsusandprovideuswithmodernWesternculture.

GodsandGoddessesofthePantheononMountOlympus

Zeus–LeaderoftheOlympianGods（page12）

•HeruledtheOlympians.

•Hewasthegodofthesky,lightningandthundercarryingathunderboltashissymbol（muchlikeasuperherowewilltalkaboutinamoment）.

•HemarriedHera,hissister,whichwasafamilyhabit.

•Hefatheredmanychildrenwithvariousgoddessesandmortals.

Hera–WifeofZeus

•Shewastheprotectorofmarriageandthehome.

•Shewasassociatedwiththepeacock,becauseofhergreatbeauty.

•SheandZeuswerealwaysquarreling.

•Shewascalledthequeenofintriguers,avindictiveandjealouswife,whofrequentlyoutwittedherhusband,Zeus.

Poseidon–GodoftheSea

•Hebuiltanunderwaterpalacewithagreatpearlandcoralthrone.

•AlthoughhechoseThetis,abeautifulwaternymph,ashisqueen,he,likehis

brotherZeus,wasagreatwandererfatheringhundredsofchildren.

•Hewasadifficultgod,changefulandquarrelsome,butcreatedmanycuriousformsforhisseacreatures.

•HeinventedthehorseforhissisterDemeter,whomheloved.

Hades–GodoftheUnderworld

•HewasthejealousbrothertoZeusandPoseidon.

•HemadePersephonehiswifeafterstealingherfromhermother,

Demeter,whowashissister.

•Becausehewasaviolentgod,whowasalsoverypossessiveofeverynew

soul,herarelylefthisunderworlddomain.

Athena-GoddessofWisdom,Justice,War,CivilizationandPeace

•ShewasbornfullgrownoutoftheheadofZeus.

•Shetaughtmantousetoolsandtaughthiswifetospinandweave.

•Shewasthebest-lovedgoddessonOlympus.

•ShehatedAres,godofwar,oftenbestinghiminbattle.

•TheGreekcityofAthensisnamedafterher.

•Shewassaidtohavecreatedthespider.

Apollo-TheSunGod;GodofMusic,Poetry,Wisdom,LightandTruth

•HewasthetwinbrotherofArtemisandthemosthandsomeofthegods.

•Hewasalsothegodofthehealingartsandofmedicine.

•Hedrovehischariotacrosstheskytopullthesuneachday.

•Hisson,Phaethon,drivesApollo’ssunchariotwithdisastrousresults

Sowhatdoesthishavetodowithsuperheroes?

1.Inadditiontogodsandgoddesses,theGreeksincludedmanyheroesintheirmyths.Heroeswereeitherhumanordemigods（theoffspringofahumanandagodorgoddess）.2.MostsuperheroesoftodayhavetheiroriginsintheancientmythsofGreece,Rome,andotheroldempires.Today,weworshipsuperheroesinthesamewaysweonceworshippedthegods.

ZeusandSuperman

BothSupermanandZeusarebornleaders,themostpowerfuloftheirrespectivegroups.Supermanisoftenthoughtofasgodlike,thealiendeitywhohasbecomeincrediblyprotectiveofhisadoptivehome.LikeZeus,Supermandonsadisguisesothathemaywalkamongthemortalsandseewhatlifeislikeontheground.Butbotharemuchmoreathomeinthesky,soaringaboveuslikethegodstheyare.

HadesandBatman

Thedarkprince,preferringundergroundquartersandwithunimaginablewealth2.AsHadesisthedarkbrotherofZeus,sotooisBatmanthe