高考英语优等生百日闯关系列专题10阅读理解议论文类.docx
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高考英语优等生百日闯关系列专题10阅读理解议论文类
2015年高考英语优等生百日闯关系列专题10阅读理解议论文类
方法与技巧
题型介绍:
议论文是英语中的重要文体,在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
相对于其它文体,议论文阅读要难一些,因此要多加重视。
议论文就是说理性的文章,一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。
议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据,使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
命题形式:
从近几年观的高考英语试题来看,议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有:
1.主旨题
考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解,是主旨题设题的目的。
做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么,即作者写此文章的目的。
2.推理判断题
这种题型的特点是以事实为依据,但其结果有绝不是事实本身。
它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力,侧重于推理。
3.细节题
细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。
这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。
三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧
第一,抓论点、寻论据
阅读议论文我们要抓住论题,即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。
抓住了论题,我们就把我了中心。
第二,注重文章结构,理清文章脉络。
把握文章结构,有利于对文章大意的理解。
从论证方法上讲,常见的议论文结构有以下两类:
1.Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。
2.
Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
第三,体会文章语言特点,把握作者写作态度,准确进行推理判断。
能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。
一般来说,对作者的总的态度和倾向,必须在通读全文,掌握了论点和论据后,方能做出判断。
在判断作者观点态度时,我们应注意,有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的,需要我们认真体察。
做推理判断时,一定要遵循逻辑规律,以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
解题技巧:
解答此类试题,可以从以下几个方面着手考虑:
作者在开始叙述一个现象,然后对现象进行解释。
这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释,阅读时要注意作者给出的原因,所以又被称为原因——结果(Cause&Effect)型。
还有一种比较常见的是问题——答案型,作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象),然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。
针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点:
答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案),然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决,则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。
山穷水尽时,记住:
首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度,靠近中心的就是答案
体验高考
[2014·安徽卷]
D
Shouldweallowmodernbuildingstobebuiltnexttoolderbuildingsinahistoricareaofacity?
Inordertoanswerthisquestion,wemustfirstexaminewhetherpeoplereallywanttopreservethehistoricfeelofanarea.Notallhistoricalbuildingsareattractive.However,theremaybeotherreasons—forexample,economic(经济的)reasons—whytheyshouldbepreserved.So,letusassumethathistoricalbuildingsarebothattractiveandimportanttothemajorityofpeople.Whatshouldwedothenifanewbuildingisneeded?
Inmyview,newarchitecturalstylescanexistp
erfectlywellalongsideanolderstyle.Indeed,therearemanyexamplesinmyownhometownofTourswheremoderndesignshavebeenplacedverysuccessfullynexttooldbuildings.Aslongasthebuildinginquestionispleasinganddoesnotdominate(影响)itssurroundingstoomuch,itoftenimprovestheattractivenessofthearea.
Itistruethatthereareexamplesofnewbuildingswhichhavespoilt(破坏)theareatheyarein,butthesamecanbesaidofsomeoldbuildingstoo.Yetpeoplestillspeakagainstnewbuildingsinhistoricareas.Ithinkthisissimplybecausepeoplearenaturallyconservative(保守的)anddonotlikechange.
Althoughwehavetorespectpeople'sfeelingsasfellowusersofthebuildings,Ibelievethatitisthedutyofthearchitectandplannertomove_things_forward.Ifwealwaysreproducedwhatwastherebefore,wewouldallstillbelivingincaves.Thus,Iwouldargueagainstcopyingpreviousarchitecturalstylesandchoosesomethingfreshanddifferent,eventhoughthatmightbethemoreriskychoice.
68.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouthistoricalbuildingsinthefirstparagraph?
A.Someofthemarenotattractive.
B.Mostofthemaretooexpensivetopreserve.
C.Theyaremorepleasingthanmodernbuildings.
D.Theyhavenothingtodowiththehistoricfeelofanarea.
69.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtotheauthor?
A.Weshouldreproducethesameoldbuildings.
B.Buildingsshouldnotdominatetheirsurroundings.
C.Someoldbuildingshavespoilttheareatheyarein.
D.Nooneunderstandswhypeoplespeakagainstnewbuildings.
70.By“movethingsforward”inthelastparagraph,theauthorprobablymeans“________”.
A.destroyoldbuildings
B.putthingsinadifferentplace
C.choosenewarchitecturalstyle
D.respectpeople'sfeelingsforhistoricalbuildings
71.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toexplainwhypeopledislikechange.
B.Towarnthatwecouldenduplivingincaves.
C.Toadmithownewbuildingshaveruinedtheirsurroundings.
D.Toarguethatmodernbuildingscanbebuiltinhistoricareas.
【要点综述】本文为一篇议论文。
保护古建筑与城市的发展是相互矛盾的,作者就如何解决这个矛盾谈了自己的看法。
68.A 细节理解题。
根据第一段第三句“Notallhistoricalbuildingsareattractive.”可知选A。
69.C 细节理解题。
根据第三段首句可知,作者认为有些古建筑破坏了其所在的地区。
故选C。
70.C 词义猜测题。
movethingsforward意为“将事情向前推进”。
接下来的两句对此进行了阐释:
作者宁愿冒险选择一些新的建筑风格而不愿复制以前的建筑风格。
故C项正确。
[2014·福建卷]
E
AshasbeenalltooapparentinrecentdaysatBalcombe,fewissuescausegreaterconcernthanenergypolicy.Manyvillagecommunitiesfeeltheircountrysideisbeingruinedbythepowerproducingmachinesofwindfarms;yettheynevertake“directaction”,eventhoughtheplanninglawsputthemataseveredisadvantage.Andthegeneroussubsidies(财政补贴),whichencouragetheexpansionofwindpower,arenotfavourabletothevillagecommunitiesandsetlandownersinconflictwithotherresidents(居民).
Thosewhodisagreewiththerapidexpansionofwindfarmsstatethatthedamagetheycauseisoutofproportion(比例)tothebenefitstheybring,becausetheirenergyoutputcannotmatchthatofthecarbonbasedpowerstationstheyaresupposedtoreplace.Supportersinsistthatwindmustbepartofamixofrenewables,nuclearandcarbon,andthatthecountryiscommittedtomeetingEU(EuropeanUnion)targetsfornoncarbonenergygeneration.
Againstthisbackground,thefactthatthereisanargumentwithinthegovernmentoverwhethertopublishanofficialreportonwindfarms'impactonthecountrysidebecomesevenmoreextraordinary.Thetwopartiesinthecoalition(联合)governmentareindisagreementoverwhatitshouldsay.
Wehavesomeadviceforthetwoparties:
publishthereport,andletthecountrybethejudge.Evenifitcontainsevidencethatwindfarmsareharmful,itwillhardlybeapleasantsurprisetopeoplewhodonotlikethem.Equally,supportersmustarguetheircasebyacknowledgingtheconcernsandexplainingwhytheyareeithermisplacedorworthyofmuchattention.
Thesuggestionthatfurthernegotiationsare
totakeplacetoproducean“accepta
ble”reportsuggeststhatthepoliticsofcoalitiongovernmentaredoingthecountryharminacertainway.Giventhesensitivitiesinvolved,alltheinformationshouldbeavailablesothatpeoplecanreachtheirownconclusions,ratherthanbeingleftwiththesuspicion(猜疑)thatfactsarebeingreplacedbypoliticalbeliefs.
72.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.
A.energypolicycatchesmuchattentionofthepublic
B.theresidentsareinfavouroftheexpansionofwindfarms
C.manyvillagecommunitiesaresatisfiedwiththesubsidies
D.theplanninglawsoffergreatbenefitstotheresidents
73.Supportersthinkthattheexpansionofwindpower________.
A.ismorerapidthanthatofcarbonbasedpower
B.guaranteesanincreaseinenergyoutput
C.isexpectedtobemuchbetterthanthatofnuclearpower
D.agreeswithEUtargetsfornoncarbonenergygeneration
74.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.
A.anofficialreportwillsettletheenergyproblem
B.thetwo
partiesaredividedovertheissueofwindfarms
C.thetwopartieshaveagreedonafurthernegotiation
D.politicalbeliefsconcerningenergyissuegoagainstfacts
75.Whichofthefollowingreflectstheauthor'sopinion?
A.Increasepoliticalimpactonenergypolicy.
B.Releaseastatementofsupportersonwindfarms.
C.Letthenationjudgethefactsaboutwindpower.
D.Leavethetwopartiestoreachtheirownconclusions.
【要点综述】本文是一篇社会生活类文章。
文章介绍了人们特别关心能源政策,尤其是风力发电站引起了多方的关注和不同观点的探讨。
72.A 细节理解题。
根据文章第一段中的“…fewissuescausegreaterconcernthanenergypolicy.”可知能源政策引起了公众更多的注意,因此A项正确。
73.D 细节理解题。
第二段主要列举了支持者和反对者的观点。
支持者认为风能一定是可再生能源,也是核能和碳能混合体的一部分,国家一直致力于满足欧盟的非碳能源生产的目标。
因此D项正确。
74.B 推理判断题。
根据第三段最后一句可知B项正确。
75.C 推理判断题。
根据第四段,尤其是其中的“…andletthecountrybethejudge.”可知C项正确。
[2014·湖北卷]
E
Formostcitypeople,theelevatorisanunremarkablemachinethatinspiresnoneoftheenthusiasmorinterestthatAmericansaffordtrains,jets,andevenbicycles.DrChristopherWilkisamemberofasmallgroupofelevatorexpertswhoconsiderthisamisunderstanding.Withouttheelevator,theypointout,therecouldbenodowntownskyscrapersortallbuildings,andcitylifeasweknowitwouldbeimpossible.Inthatsense,theyargue,theelevator'sroleinAmericanhistoryhasbeennolesssignificantthanthatofcars.Infact,accordingtoWilk,thecarandtheelevatorhavebeenlockedina“secretwar”foroveracentury,withcarsmakingitpossibleforpeopletospreadhorizontally(水平地),andelevatorspushingthemtowardslifeinclosegroupsoftoweringvertical(垂直的)columns.
Ifwetendtoignorethesignificanceofelevators,itmightbebecauseridinginthemtendstobesuchabrief,boring,andevenawkwardexperience—onethatcaninvolveunexpectedlymeetingpeoplewithwhomwehavenothingincommon,andanunpleasantawarenessofthefactthatwe'rehangingfromacableinalongpassage.
Inanewbook,Lifted,GermanjournalistandculturalstudiesprofessorAndreasBernarddirectedallhisattentiontothisexperience,studyingtheoriginsofelevatoranditsrelationshiptohumankindandfindingthatridinginanelevatorhasneverbeenatotallycomfortableexperience.“After150years,wearestillnotusedtoit,”Bernardsaid.“Westillhavenotexactlylearnttocopewiththemixtureofclosenessanddispleasure.”Thatmixture,accordingtoBernard,setstheelevatorrideapartfromjustabouteveryothersituationwefindourselvesinaswegoaboutourlives.
Today,astheworld'surbanpopulationexplodes,andcitiesbecomemorecrowded,taller,andmorecrowded,America'stotalnumberofelevators—900,000atlastcount,accordingtoElevatorWorldmagazine's“2012VerticalTransportationIndustry”—areaforcethat'sbecomingmoreimportantthanever.Andforthepeoplewhoreally,reallylovethem,itseemslikehightimethatwelookedseriouslyatjustwhatkindofforcetheyare.
67.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“t