西方文化.docx

西方文化.docx

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西方文化

Unit1AncientGreekWisdom

BeforeYouStart

Directions:

Explainthefollowingwordsbyreferringtoreferencebooksorwebsiteandmakeanoralreporttothewholeclass.

A.Achilles’heel

B.AjudgmentofParis

C.Adonis

D.GordianKnots

E.ALabyrinth

F.Odyssey

G.Nemesis

H.Prometheus

I.Plato

J.Socrates

SectionAGreekMythology

GreekMythologyisthebodyofmythsandteachingsthatbelongtotheancientGreeks,concerningtheirgodsandheroes,thenatureoftheworld,andtheoriginsandsignificanceoftheirowncult（膜拜）andritualpractices.InancientGreece,storiesaboutgodsandgoddessesandheroesandmonsterswereanimportantpartofeverydaylife.Theyexplainedeverythingfromreligiousritualstotheweather,andtheygavemeaningtotheworldpeoplesawaroundthem.

AtthecenterofGreekMythologyisthepantheon（万神庙）ofdeitieswhoweresaidtoliveonMountOlympus,thehighestmountaininGreece.Olympiangodsandgoddesses1lookedlikemenandwomen（thoughtheycouldchangethemselvesintoanimalsandotherthings）andwere–asmanymythsrecounted–vulnerabletohumanweaknessesandpassions.

Zeuswastheheadofthepantheon,orfamilyofgods.Zeusruledtheskywithhispowerfulthunderbolt.ManyancientGreeksfearedtheangerofZeusduringviolentthunderstorms.Zeus’swife,Hera,wasthegoddessofwomenandmarriage.

PoseidonwassaidtobeZeus’sbrotherandtherulerofthesea.Poseidonalsohadthepowertocreateearthquakes.GreekmarinersandfishermenbelievedthatPoseidonwouldstrikethegroundwithhismightytridentwhenhewasignored.Atridentisathree-prongedspear（三叉矛）usedbytheancientGreeksbothtospearfishandasaweapon.Poseidonmightcauseshipwreckswithhistrident,butPoseidoncouldalsocreatenewislandsandfavorsailorswithfoodandsafetraveltootherlands.

AthirdbrothernamedHadesruledtheunderworld.TheGreeksbelievedthatpeoplepassedtoHades’sterritorywhentheydied,andwhiletheyweretreatedfairlyintheunderworld,Hadeswouldneverallowthemtoreturntotheworldtheyonceknew.

GreekMythologydoesnotjusttellthestoriesofgodsandgoddesses,however.Humanheroes–suchasHeracles,theadventurerwhoperformed12impossiblelaborsforKingEurystheus2;Pandora,thefirstwoman,whosecuriositybroughteviltomankind;andNarcissus,theyoungmanwhofellinlovewithhisownreflection–arejustassignificant.Monstersand“hybrids”（human-animalforms）alsofeature（起重要作用）prominentlyinthetales:

thewingedhorsePegasus,thehorse-manCentaur,thelion-womanSphinxandthebird-womanHarpies,etc..Manyofthesecreatureshavebecomealmostaswellknownasthegods,goddessesandheroeswhosharetheirstories.

GreekMythologyhashadanextensiveinfluenceontheculture,arts,andliteratureofWesterncivilizationandremainspartofWesternheritageandlanguage.GreatwriterssuchasDante3,ShakespeareandMilton4makefrequentreferencestoGreekMythology,somuchsothatanunderstandingofGreekmythsisnecessarytotrulyappreciatetheirworks.AustrianpsychiatristFreudcoinedthephrase“OedipusComplex”（恋母情结）basedonthemythofOedipus.AnoracleproclaimedthatOedipuswouldkillhisfatherandmarryismother,andFreudbelievedthatthesefeelingofjealousytowardthesame-sexparentandlovefortheopposite-sexparentwereaphasethatallchildrentogothrough.Ingeneralusage,aTrojanhorse–justliketheonethatledtothedefeatofTroy5–issomethingthatappearsdesirablebutinfactpresentsathreat.Incomputerscience,aTrojanhorse（oftencalledaTrojanforshort）isacomputerprogramthatlooksusefulandinnocent,suchasafreecomputergame,butallowsunauthorizedaccesstoyourcomputer.ManyconsumerproductsalsogettheirnamesfromGreekMythology.Nikesneakersarethenamesakeofthegoddessofvictory,forexample.Andtheisnamedaftertheraceofmythicalfemalewarriors.

1.奥林匹斯神通常包括十二位主神，有十位一定会出现，他们分别为：

宙斯、赫拉、波塞冬、阿瑞斯、赫尔墨斯、赫菲斯托斯、阿佛洛狄忒、雅典娜、阿波罗及阿尔忒弥斯。

赫斯提亚本来时十二主神之一，但为了与凡人一起生活，她把她的主神位置让给了狄俄尼索斯；德米特尔有半年的时间为了要与她在冥界的女儿珀尔塞福涅一起生活，会把她的主神位置让给冥王哈迪斯。

2.欧律斯特思是希腊神话里亚格斯的国王，传说他本应是赫拉克勒斯的弟弟，但天后赫拉让他先诞生，破坏宙斯的计划。

3.但丁（1265-1321），意大利文艺复兴早期的著名诗人，被誉为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时也是新时代的最初一位诗人”，以长诗《神曲》留名后世。

4.弥尔顿（1608-1674），英国诗人、政论家，17世纪资产阶级民主运动的斗士，代表作是《失乐园》。

5.特洛伊，公元前16世纪前后为古希腊人渡海所建，公元前13世纪-前12世纪时，颇为繁荣。

Exercises

Task1ThinkingandJudging

Directions:

Readthepassageandjudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）,false（F）ornotgiven（NG）.

Trueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationmentionedinthepassage

Falseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationmentionedinthepassage

NotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

1.ThestoriesaboutGreekgodsandheroesplayedamoreimportantpartinthelivesofGreekphilosophersthaninthoseoftheordinaryGreeks.

2.TheancientGreeksusedthemythsabouttheirgodsandheroestoexplainandvisualizetheworldoftheirafterlife.

3.AccordingtoGreekmythology,theGreekdeitieswerebelievedtoliveonMountOlympusbecauseitwasthehighestmountaininGreece.

4.Thoughlikemenandwomeninappearance,Olympiangodsandgoddessesnevermademistakesbecausetheywereall-knowingandmorallyperfect.

5.Zeus,astheheadoftheOlympiangods,ruledtheskywithloveandbenevolence.

6.FortheGreekmarinersandfishermen,Poseidoncouldbebothatrouble-makerandahelper.

7.Hadestreateddeadpeoplefairlyintheunderworldandwouldhelpsomeofthemcomebacktolife.

8.Greekmythologicalfiguresincludedmorethantheirgodsandgoddesses,humanheroesandmonsterswereimportantfiguresinGreekmythologyaswell.

Task2ReadingandBlank-filling

Directions:

ReadthepassageagainandthenfillintheblankswithNOMORETHANFOURWORDS.

1.GreekmythologyisthebodyofmythsandteachingsthatbelongtotheancientGreeks,concerningtheir

（1）_______________________,the

（2）______________________oftheworld,andtheoriginsandsignificanceoftheirown（3）______________________________.

2.AtthecenterofGreekMythologyisthe（4）_________________________whoweresaidtobeliveon（5）_____________________________.TheGreekgodsandgoddesseslookedlikemenandwomen,andwere（6）________________________humanfoiblesandpassions.

3.Greekmythologyhashada（n）（7）_______________________ontheculture,artsandliteratureofWesterncivilizationandremainspartofWestern（8）_____________________.WriterssuchasDanteandShakespeare（9）______________________Greekmythology.AustrianpsychiatristFreudcoinedthephrase（10）____________________,referringtothefeelingofjealousytowardthesame-sexparentandlovefortheopposite-sexparent.Today,a（11）_______________meanssomethingthatappearsdesirablebutinfactpresentsathreat.

Task3ReadingandMatching

Directions:

Readthepassageagainandmatchthefollowingmythicalfigureswiththeirfeatures.

ColumnI

ColumnII

1.Zeus

A.Theherowhofinished12impossibletasks

2.Poseidon

B.Thehorse-man

3.Hades

C.Thegodofthesky

4.Hera

D.Themanwhokilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother

5.Oedipus

E.Thegodoftheunderworld

6.Heracles

F.Ahandsomeyoungmanwhofellinlovewithhisownreflection

7.Narcissus

G.Thegodofthesea

8.Centaur

H.Thegoddessofwomenandmarriage

Task4Translating

Directions:

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinthepassageintoChinese.

SectionBCity-states:

AthensandSparta

TheancientGreekssharedacommonlanguage,culture,andreligion.TheyconsideredanyonewhodidnotspeakGreekabarbarian.AlthoughtheGreekpeoplehadmuchincommon,theywerealsoveryindependentofeachother.Theytookgreatprideinwhatcity-state（alsoknownasapolis）theybelongedto.Acity-statewasanindependentlyruledcitywithitsownlaws,customs,money,andarmy.AGreekcitizen’sloyaltywasdirectedtohiscity-state.Thesecity-statesoftenmadeallianceswithothercities,formingintoleagues,confederations,orfederationswhilemaintaininganindependentidentity.Whentheveryrockylandscapearoundacitynolongersupportedthegrowingpopulation,theysentpeopletostartcoloniesinotherareasalongtheMediterraneanSea.

ThetworivalsofancientGreecethatmadethemostnoiseandgaveusthemosttraditionswereAthensandSparta.Theywereclosetogetheronamap,yetfarapartinwhattheyvaluedandhowtheylivedtheirlives.

Athens:

TheThinkTank

Thecity-stateofAthenswasthebirthplaceofmanysignificantideas.AncientAthenianswereathoughtfulpeoplewhoenjoyedthesystematicstudyofsubjectssuchasscience,philosophy,andhistory,tonameafew.

Atheniansplacedaheavyemphasisonthearts,architecture,andliterature.TheAtheniansbuiltthousandsoftemplesandstatuesthatembodiedtheirunderstandingofbeauty.Todaytheterm“classical”isusedtodescribetheirenduringstyleofartandarchitecture.Atheniansalsoenjoyedademocraticformofgovernmentinwhichsomeofthepeoplesharedpower.

LifewasnoteasyforAthenianwomen.Theydidnotenjoythesamerightsorprivilegesasmales,beingnearlyaslowasslavesinthesocialsystem.

Sparta:

MilitaryMight

LifeinSpartawasvastlydifferentfromlifeinAthens.LocatedinthesouthernpartofGreeceonthePeloponnisospeninsula1,thecity-stateofSpartadevelopedamilitaristicsocietyruledbytwokingsandanoligarchy,orsmallgroupthatexercisedpoliticalcontrol.

Earlyintheirhistory,aviolentandbloodyslaverevoltcausedtheSpartanstochangetheirsociety.ASpartan,Lycurgus2,draftedaharshsetoflawsthatrequiredtotaldedicationtothestatefromitspeople.Thelaws’goalwastotraincitizenstobe