定语从句.docx
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定语从句
高中定语从句
一、定义:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如:
1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.
2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.
二、关系代词与关系副词
关系词常有三个作用:
1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语,宾语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.
whose
人,物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.
that
人,物
主语,宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
主语,宾语
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人,物
主语,宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
1.who指人,在从句中做主语或宾语
(1)Theboyswho/thatareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwho/thatlosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom/that)youtalkedabout.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(2)Theman(who/whom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1)Footballisagamewhich/thatislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)
(2)Thisisthepen(which/that)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)
(6)Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?
(在句子中做宾语)
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
1Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?
2Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.
3Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.
4Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.
5Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.
6.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.
HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.
7.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.
Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity
8.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
(1)pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
(2)Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/fromwhichhewasgoingtoschool,hebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
三,非限定性定语从句
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者
会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
比较:
Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.
China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.
as引导非限制性定语从句
1.可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思。
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;
aswehaveimagined.
(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.
(5)Asisknowntous,theearthtravelsaroundthesun.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which
Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
2.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,常用as
(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(2)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
(3)Ihaveneverseensuchakindofgirlassheis.
(4)I’lldotheexercisesthesamewayashedoes.
注意:
当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.
Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
四.其他
1,只能使用that,不用which的情况:
(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything,much等不定代词时。
例如:
Allthathesaidistrue.
Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.
(2)先行词被thevery,theonly,no,any,all,等词修饰时。
例如:
Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.
Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.
Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.
(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。
例如:
Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.
Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.
ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.
(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.
Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.
(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。
例如:
Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.
Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?
Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.
(6)主句已有疑问词who或which时。
例如:
①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?
②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?
(7)被修饰词为数词时.
YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
(8)如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
(9)主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
2,只用which不用that的情况:
(1)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。
例如:
Thatnecklace,whichyougavemeasapresent,waslostyesterday.
Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.
MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)
(2)介词+which,介词+whom。
介词前提后,先行词是人或物,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。
介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。
有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
1错误:
Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?
正确:
Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?
或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?
2错误:
Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.
正确:
Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.
(3)在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
(4)当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
(5)先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
3.宜用who,而不用that的一些情况
⑴先行词是one,ones,anyone时。
①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
②Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.
⑵先行词是those时
Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.
5、解题步骤
1.判断是定语从,是限制性还是非限制性,非限定性定从不用that
2.看定语从句是否缺主语或宾语。
缺选择关系代词,不缺选择关系副词。
3.看先行词是人还是物
4.注意:
只用that不用which的情况或者只用which不用that的情况
高考英语定语从句易犯错误
定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,在使用时往往容易犯一些错误,最常见的有如下七种:
一、在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。
如:
1.误:
SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.
正:
_____________________________________________________
2.误:
Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.
正:
_____________________________________________________
二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。
如:
1.误:
Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.
正:
_____________________________________________________
2.误:
Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.
正:
_____________________________________________________
3.误:
HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.
正:
_____________________________________________________
4.误:
Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.
正:
_____________________________________________________
三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。
如:
1.误:
Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.
正:
_____________________________________________________
2.误:
Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.
正:
_____________________________________________________
四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。
如:
1.误:
Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.
正:
____________________________________________________
或:
____________________________________________________
2.误:
IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.
正:
____________________________________________________
或:
____________________________________________________
五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。
1.误:
Istillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.
正:
___________________________________________________
2.误:
Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.
正:
___________________________________________________
六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。
如:
1.误:
Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?
正:
___________________________________________________
2.误:
Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.
正:
___________________________________________________
七、误将强调句型当定语从句。
如:
1.误:
Itwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.
正:
___________________________________________________
2.误:
Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidn’tcome?
正:
___________________________________________________
单句改错
1.Thereasonwhyheexplainedatthemeetingsurprisedus.
2.Icanrememberthedayswhenwespenttogether.
3.Thewayinwhichyoutalkedaboutisveryimportantforus.
4.Putthebookinwhichyoucanfinditeasily.
5.DoyourememberthedaywhichIfirstmetyou?
6.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthevillagethatheonceworked.
7.Idon’tknowthe