定语从句.docx

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定语从句.docx

定语从句

高中定语从句

一、定义:

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

如:

1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.

2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.

二、关系代词与关系副词

关系词常有三个作用:

1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分

 

关系词

先行词

从句成分

例句

备注

关系代词

who

主语,宾语

Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?

whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that

whom

宾语

Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking

Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.

whose

人,物

定语

Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.

Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.

that

人,物

主语,宾语

Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.

which

主语,宾语

Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.

Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.

as

人,物

主语,宾语

Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.

ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.

as做宾语一般不省略

1.who指人,在从句中做主语或宾语

(1)Theboyswho/thatareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.

(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwho/thatlosthisway.

2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom/that)youtalkedabout.

注意:

关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

(2)Theman(who/whom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.

3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

(1)Footballisagamewhich/thatislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)

(2)Thisisthepen(which/that)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)

4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

(5)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)

(6)Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?

(在句子中做宾语)

5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.

(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.

关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。

1Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?

2Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.

3Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.

4Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.

5Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.

6.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.

HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.

7.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.

Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity

8.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语

 

(1)pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

 

(2)Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

   注意:

关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

 

(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,

 

(2)Fromtheyearwhen/fromwhichhewasgoingtoschool,hebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.

 (3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 

三,非限定性定语从句

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者

会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.

4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。

比较:

Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.

China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.

as引导非限制性定语从句

1.可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。

另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思。

asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;

aswehaveimagined.

(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

 

(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.

 (3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.

 (4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.

(5)Asisknowntous,theearthtravelsaroundthesun.

 注意:

当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which

Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.

2.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,常用as

 

(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.

 

(2)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.

(3)Ihaveneverseensuchakindofgirlassheis.

(4)I’lldotheexercisesthesamewayashedoes.

注意:

当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

 SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding. 

 Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.     

四.其他

1,只能使用that,不用which的情况:

(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything,much等不定代词时。

例如:

Allthathesaidistrue.

Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.

Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.

(2)先行词被thevery,theonly,no,any,all,等词修饰时。

例如:

Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.

Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.

Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.

(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。

例如:

Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.

Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.

ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.

(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.

Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.

(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。

例如:

Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.

Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?

Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.

(6)主句已有疑问词who或which时。

例如:

①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?

②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?

(7)被修饰词为数词时.

YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

(8)如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.

(9)主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:

Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

2,只用which不用that的情况:

(1)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。

例如:

Thatnecklace,whichyougavemeasapresent,waslostyesterday.

Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.

MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)

(2)介词+which,介词+whom。

介词前提后,先行词是人或物,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。

介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。

有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:

lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。

1错误:

Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?

正确:

Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?

或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?

2错误:

Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.

正确:

Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.

(3)在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.

LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

(4)当关系代词后面带有插入语时.

Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

(5)先行词是those+复数名词.

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

3.宜用who,而不用that的一些情况

⑴先行词是one,ones,anyone时。

①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.

②Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.

⑵先行词是those时

Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.

5、解题步骤

1.判断是定语从,是限制性还是非限制性,非限定性定从不用that

2.看定语从句是否缺主语或宾语。

缺选择关系代词,不缺选择关系副词。

3.看先行词是人还是物

4.注意:

只用that不用which的情况或者只用which不用that的情况

高考英语定语从句易犯错误

定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,在使用时往往容易犯一些错误,最常见的有如下七种:

  一、在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。

如:

 

  1.误:

SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  2.误:

Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  

  二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。

如:

  1.误:

Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  2.误:

Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

3.误:

HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  4.误:

Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  

三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。

如:

  1.误:

Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

2.误:

Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.

  正:

_____________________________________________________

  

四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。

如:

  1.误:

Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.

  正:

____________________________________________________

或:

____________________________________________________

  2.误:

IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.

  正:

____________________________________________________

  或:

____________________________________________________

  

  五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。

  

  1.误:

Istillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.

  正:

___________________________________________________

  2.误:

Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.

  正:

___________________________________________________

  

  六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。

如:

  1.误:

Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?

  正:

___________________________________________________

2.误:

Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.

  正:

___________________________________________________

  

七、误将强调句型当定语从句。

如:

  1.误:

Itwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.

  正:

___________________________________________________

  2.误:

Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidn’tcome?

  正:

___________________________________________________

 

单句改错

1.Thereasonwhyheexplainedatthemeetingsurprisedus.

2.Icanrememberthedayswhenwespenttogether.

3.Thewayinwhichyoutalkedaboutisveryimportantforus.

4.Putthebookinwhichyoucanfinditeasily.

5.DoyourememberthedaywhichIfirstmetyou?

6.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthevillagethatheonceworked.

7.Idon’tknowthe

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