英语语言学概论自考.docx
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英语语言学概论自考
1.Whatarethedifferencebetweengenerallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguisticsandwhatsistherelationshipbetweenthem?
A:
Differencesbetweengeneralanddescriptivelinguistics:
(1)Theyhavedifferentgoals:
Generallinguisticsdealswithlanguage;descriptivelinguisticsstudyoneparticularlanguage;
(2)Theyhavedifferentaims:
Generallinguisticsaimsatdevelopingatheorythatdescribestherulesofhumanlanguageingeneral;
Descriptivelinguisticsattemptstoestablishamodelthatdescribestherulesofthisparticularlanguage.
Relationshipsbetweengeneralanddescriptivelinguistics:
Generalanddescriptivelinguisticsdependoneachother:
(1)Generallinguisticsprovidesdescriptivelinguisticswithageneralframeworkinwhichaparticularlanguagecanbeanalyzedanddescribed;
(2)Theresultingdescriptionsofparticularlanguagessupplyempiricalevidencewhichmayconfirmorrefutethemodelsputforwardbygenerallinguists.
2.Whatisthenatureoflanguage?
(P7)
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols,whichiscreative,double-structuredandchangeable.
3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?
(P2/P24)
a.Langueisthesystemoflanguage.Paroleisthespeakers’speech.
b.Languereferstotheabstractsystemofalanguage,whileparolereferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginadefinitetime,placeandsituation.
c.Langueunderliesparoleandparole,inturn,isamanifestationoflangue.
4.Whatisthedifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?
(P2)
a.Competenceisthespeaker-hearer’sknowledgeofhislanguage.
b.Performanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.
c.Competenceisabstract,whileperformanceisconcrete.
5.Whydolinguistsmaintainthatlanguageisprimarilyspeech?
(P4)
Linguistsmaintainthatlanguageisprimarilyspeech,andnotthewrittenform.Thisviewmaybejustifiedbythefollowingreasons.
a.Biologicallyspeaking,childrenbegintolearntospeakmuchearlierthantolearntoreadandwrite.
b.Functionallyspeaking,thespokenformisusedmorefrequentlythanthewrittenforminourdailylife.
c.Historicallyspeaking,allhumanlanguageswerespokenbeforetheywerewrittenandtherearestillmanylanguagesintheworldtodaywhichhavenotbeenwrittendown.
Theemphasisonthespokenformindicatesthatlinguisticstudyisprimarilybasedonthedatacollectedfromlivingspeech.
6.Whatdoesitmeanbysayingthatlanguageisarbitrary,creativeanddouble-structured?
(P4-5)
A.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisarbitrary.
B.Languageiscreative.
a.Everylanguagecontainsaninfinitenumberofsentences,which,however,aregeneratedbyasmallsetofrulesandafinitesetofwords.
b.Thelengthofasentencehasnolimitintheory.
c.Theruleswithrecursiveproperlycanaccountforthecreativeaspectoflanguage.
C.Languageisdouble-structured.Therearetwolevels:
grammatically-meaningfulandsound-meaningless.
7.Whatfeaturesoflanguagecandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystems?
(P7)
Humanlanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols,whichiscreative,double-structuredandchangeable.Thoseuniquefeatureslikecreativity,dualityofstructureandchangeabilitycandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystemsandenablehumanlanguagestobethemostefficient,flexibleandversatilemeansofcommunicationintheworld.
8.Howmanystagesdoesthescientificmethodhave?
Whatarethey?
(P9)
Therearefourstagesofscientificmethod:
a.collectingdata,
b.formingahypothesis
c.testingthehypothesis
d.drawingconclusions
9.Whatarethethreelinguisticbiases?
(P9-10,P7)
a.Onecommonlinguisticbiasisthatsomelanguagesareprimitiveandsomelanguagesareadvanced.
b.Anotherdeep-rootedbiasisthatonlythestandardvarietyisthepureformofalanguage.
c.Changeisnotnaturalforalllivinglanguagesandsuchalanguageisasignofcorruptionanddecay.
10.Howisaruleconstructed?
(P15)
a.Toconstructarule,thelinguiststartswithcollectingdata.
b.Basedonthedatacollected,hemayconstructaverysimpleruleasatentativeversion.
c.Thenheexaminesthetentativeruleagainstfurtherdata.Iftheadditionaldatadonotagreewithit,hehastomodifyit.
d.Hekeepsontestingtheruleand,accordingly,revisingtheruleuntiltherulecanaccountforalltherelevantdatacollected.
Thus,theruleformedisopentofurthermodifications.
11.Giveexamplestoillustratethetwofeaturesofanadequatemodelofcompetence:
explicitnessandgenerativeness.(P15-16/P6)
a.Bysayingalinguisticmodelisexplicit,wemeanthattherulesthemodelcontainsareclearlyandpreciselydefined.Evenacomputercanproduceallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesiftherulesarefedtothemachine.
b.Bysayingthemodelisgenerative,wemeanthatthemodelcontainsonlyasmallsetofruleswhich,however,cangenerateanindefinitelylargenumberofsentences.
c.Forexample,“so…that”isexplicit,buttheycangenerateinfinitesentences.
eg.Heissofatthathecouldnotranfast.
Hewassolazythatheneverwashedhisclothes.
…
12.Whatarethefourtypesoflinguisticknowledge?
(P18-19)
Thefourtypesoflinguisticknowledgearephonological,morphological,syntacticandsemantic.
a.Phonologicalknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofhislanguage.
b.Morphologicalknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionabouthowawordisformed.
c.Syntacticknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.
c.Semanticknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutthemeaningoflanguage.
13.WhyisSaussreregardedastheformerofmodernlinguistics?
(P21-22)
a.Theobviousreasonisthatthebookunderhisname“ACourseinGeneralLinguistics”isthefirstrealessayonlinguistictheory.
b.Inthisbook,quiteafewtheoreticaldistinctionsintroducedhavebecomefoundationsoflinguisticstudyandexertedgreatinfluenceonthelaterdevelopmentlinguistics.
c.Chiefamongthemarethedistinctionsbetweensynchronicanddiachronic,syntagmaticandparadigmatic,langueandparole.
14.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweensynchronicanddiachronic.(P22)
a.IfwestudythechangesintheChineselanguagethattookplacebetweenthe1940’sandthe1960’s,itwouldbeadiachronicstudy.
b.ButifwestudytheChineselanguageinthe1940’s,thenitwouldbeasynchronicstudy.
c.Themajordifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachesistheformerisconcernedwiththehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguageandthelatterisconcernedwiththe“state”ofalanguageataparticularpointoftime.
15.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweensyntagmaticandparadigmatic.(P116-118/P22-23)
a.Asyntagmaticrelationreferstothesequentialcharacteristicofspeech.
b.Aparadigmaticrelationisarelationbetweenalinguisticelementinanutteranceandlinguisticelementsoutsidethatutterance.
c.Wecangotomorrowsyntagmaticrelation
Shemaycomesoon
Iwillasknext
Youcouldsleepnow
………paradigmaticrelation
16.Whatisaconsonantandwhatisavowel?
(P30)
a.Aconsonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairstreamfromthelongsiseithercompletelyblocked,partiallyblockedorwheretheopeningissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.
b.Avowelisaspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayinthemouthorthroat,andwhichisusuallypronouncedwithvibrationsofthevocalcords.
17.IsthespellingofwordsareliablemeansofdescribingEnglishsounds?
WhyorWhynot?
(P30-31)
No,itisn’t.
a.Sometimesasinglelettermayrepresentdifferentsounds.
b.Sometimes,differentlettersorcombinationsoflettersmayr4epresentasinglesound.
c.Theadvantageofthissystemisthatwithinthesystem,onesymbolrepresentsonesoundandeverysymbolhasaconsistentvalue.
18.Whatisthedifferencebetweenplosivesandaffricates?
(P37)
a.Plosivesaresuddenlyseparatedandtheairstreamgoesoutwithaplosion.
b.Affricatesarebroughttogethertoformacompleteclosurebutnotfollowedbyasuddenrelease,ratherbyalowreleasewithaudilefriction.
19.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?
(P20,P53)
a.EnglishphoneticsisconcernedwithallspeechsoundsthatoccurintheEnglishlanguage.Itstudieshowthosesoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived,andhowtheyredescribedandclassified.
b.DifferentfromEnglishphonetics,EnglishphonologydoesnotdealwiththeactualproductionofEnglishsounds,butwiththeabstractaspects:
thefunctionofsoundsandtheirpatternsofcombination.
20.Whatarethethreeconditionsofaminimalpair?
(P54)
a.Theyaredifferentinmeaning
b.Theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment.
c.Thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninstrings.
21.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencesbetweenphonemes,phonesandallophones.(P90)
a.Phonemesaresaidtobeminimaldistinctiveunitsinthesoundsystemofalanguage.
b.Phonesaretherealizationsofphonemes.
c.Allophonesaretherealizationsofaparticularphoneme.
d.Forexample,
22.Giveexamplestoillustratethedifferencesbetweencontrastivedistribution,complementarydistributionandfreevariation.(P59-60)
a.Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherbringsaboutachangeinmeaning,theyareincontrastivedistribution.
b.Iftwoormoresoundsneverappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
c.Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthe