语言学.docx

语言学.docx

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语言学

Chapter1

1.简答

Synchronic（共时的）vs.diachronic（历时的）

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Synchronicdescriptionsareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionofalanguageinitscurrentexistenceandmostlinguisticstudiesareofthistype.Adiachronicstudyofalanguageisahistoricalstudy.itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

2.Parole

Parole:

parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Paroleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.InSaussure’sopinion,paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticfacts,toovariedandconfusingforsystematicinvestigation.

3.Competence

Competenceisdefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

4.Competenceandperformance

Competenceisdefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageandperformanceisdefinedastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Aspeakerhasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage,whichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.Despitehisperfectknowledgeofhisownlanguage,aspeakercanstillmakemistakesinactualuse.Thisimperfectperformanceiscausedbysocialandpsychologicalfactors.

5.Language

（1）

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Firstofall,languageisasystem.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.

Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.

Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific.

6.Arbitrariness

Arbitrarinessmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Weshouldbeawarethatwhilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary;certainwordsaremotivated.Somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.But,non-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.

Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

7.Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

8.Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thedualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

9.Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfarawayplaces.

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.

10.Culturetransmission

11.Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacuquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.

Chapter2

1.Phonetics

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

{2.Vowelsandconsonants

Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.}

2.Phonology

Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

Phonologyisconcernedwiththesoundsystemofaparticularlanguage.

1和2联系

Bothphonologyandphoneticareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage_thespeechsounds,

3.Minimalpairs

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

Chapter3

1.Morphology

Morphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.

2.Morphemes

Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.

3.Freemorpheme

Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledafreemorpheme.

Chapter5

1Thenamingtheoryoneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsothemostprimitiveone,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.

2conceptualistview.Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticfromandwhatitreferto,rather,intheinterpretation