英语四级 份试题.docx

英语四级 份试题.docx

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英语四级份试题

2010年12月英语四级全真预测试题及答案

　　PartⅠWriting（30minutes）

　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGenerationGap.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

　　1.代沟的表现。

　　2.代沟出现的家庭原因。

　　3.代沟出现的社会原因。

　　GenerationGap

　　PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

　　Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestion8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

　　AnimalsontheMove

　　Itlookedlikeascenefrom“Jaws”butwithoutthedramaticmusic.Ahugesharkwaslowlyswimmingthroughthewater,itstailswingingbackandforthlikethependulumofaclock.

　　Suddenlysensitivenerveendinginthesharksskinpickedupvibrationsofastrugglingfish.Thesharkwasimmediatelytransformedintoadeadly,efficientmachineofdeath.Withmusclestaut,thesharkknifedthroughthewateratarapidspeed.Inaflashthesharkcaughtitsvictim,alargefish,initspowerfuljaws.Then,jerkingitsheadbackandforth,thesharktorehugechunksoffleshfromitsvictimandswallowedthem.Soontheactionwasover.

　　MovingtoSurvive

　　Inpursuingitsprey,thesharkdemonstratedinadramaticwaytheimportantroleofmovement,orlocomotion,inanimals.

　　Liketheshark,mostanimalsusemovementtofindfood.Theyalsouselocomotiontoescapeenemies,findamate,andexplorenewterritories.Themethodsoflocomotionincludecrawling,hopping,slithering,flying,swimming,orwalking.

　　Humanshavetheaddedadvantageofusingtheirvariousinventionstomoveaboutinjustaboutanykindofenvironment.Automobiles,rockets,andsubmarinestransporthumansfromdeepoceanstoasfarawayasthemoon.However,forotheranimalsmovementcameaboutnaturallythroughmillionsofyearsofevolution.Oneofthemostsuccessfulexamplesofanimallocomotionisthatoftheshark.Itsabilitytoquicklyzeroinonitspreyhasalwaysimpressedscientists.ButittookadetailedstudybyDukeUniversitymarinebiologistsS.A.Wainwright,F.Vosburgh,andJ.H.Hebranktofindouthowthesharksdidit.IntheirstudythescientistsobservedsharksswimminginatankatMarinelandinSaintAugustine,Fla.Moviesweretakenofthesharks’movementsandanalyzed.Studieswerealsomadeofsharkskinandmuscle.

　　SkinIstheKey

　　Thebiologistsdiscoveredthattheskinofthesharkisthekeytotheanimal’shighefficiencyinswimmingthroughthewater.Theskincontainsmanyfibersthatcrisscrossliketheinsideofabeltedradialtire.Thefibersarecalledcollagenfibers.Thesefiberscaneitherstoreorreleaselargeamountsofenergydependingonwhetherthefibersarerelaxedortaut.Whenthefibersarestretched,energyisstoredinthemthewayenergyisstoredinthestringofabowwhenpulledtight.Whentheenergyisreleased,thefibersbecomerelaxed.

　　TheDukeUniversitybiologistshavefoundthatthegreateststretchingoccurswherethesharkbendsitsbodywhileswimming.Duringthebody’sbackandforthmotion,fibersalongtheoutsidepartofthebendingbodystretchgreatly.Muchpotentialenergyisstoredinthefibers.Thisenergyisreleasedwhentheshark’sbodysnapsbacktheotherway.

　　Asenergyisalternatelystoredandreleasedonbothsidesoftheanimal’sbody,thetailwhipsstronglybackandforth.Thiswhip-likeactionpropelstheanimalthroughthewaterlikealivingbullet.

　　SourceofEnergy

　　Whatcausesthefiberstostoresomuchenergy?

InfindingtheanswertheDukeUniversityscientistslearnedthatthesharkssimilaritytoabeltedradialtiredoesntstopwiththeskin.Justasaradialtireisinflatedbypressure,so,too,istheareajustunderthesharkscollagen“radials”.Insteadofairpressure,however,thepressureinthesharkmaybeduetotheforceofthebloodpressingonthecollagenfibers.

　　Whenthesharkswimsslowly,thepressureonthefibersisrelativelylow.Thefibersaremorerelaxed,andthesharkisabletobenditsbodyatsharpangles.Theanimalswimsthiswaywhenlookingaroundforfoodorjustswimming.However,whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource,somefantasticinvoluntarychangestakeplace.

　　Thepressureinsidetheanimalmayincreaseby10times.Thispressurechangegreatlystretchesthefibers,enablingmuchenergytobestored.

　　Thisenergyisthentransferredtothetail,andthesharkisoff.Therestofthestoryispredictable.

　　DolphinHasSpeedRecord

　　Anotherfastmarineanimalisthedolphin.Thisseagoingmammalhasbeenclockedatspeedsof32kilometers（20miles）anhour.Biologistsstudyingthedolphinhavediscoveredthat,liketheshark,theanimal’sefficientlocomotioncanbetracedtoitsskin.Adolphin’sskinismadeupinsuchawaythatitoffersverylittleresistancetothewaterflowingoverit.Normallywhenafishorotherobjectmovesslowlythroughthewater,thewaterflowssmoothlypastthebody.Thissmoothflowisknownaslaminarflow.However,atfasterspeedsthewaterbecomesmoreturbulentalongthemovingfish.Thisturbulencemusesfrictionandslowsthefishdown.

　　Inadolphintheskinissoflexiblethatitbendsandyieldstothewavinessofthewater.

　　Thewaves,ineffect,becometuckedintotheskin’sfolds.Thisallowstherestofthewatertomovesmoothlybyinalaminarflow.Whereotheranimalswouldbeslowedbyturbulentwateratrapidspeeds,thedolphincanracethroughthewateratrecordbreakingspeeds.

　　OtherAnimalsLessEfficient

　　Notallanimalsmoveasefficientlyassharksanddolphins.Perhapsthegreatestloserinlocomotionefficiencyistheslug.Theslug,whichlookslikeasnailwithoutashell,laysdownaslimytrailoverwhichitcrawls.Itusessomuchenergyproducingtheslimymucusandcrawlingoveritthatamousetravelingthesamedistanceusesonlyonetwelfthasmuchenergy.

　　Scientistssaythatbecauseoftheslug’sinefficientuseofenergy,itslifestylemustberestricted.Thatis,theanimalsareforcedtoconfinethemselvestosmallareasforobtainingfoodandfindingproperlivingconditions.Havehumanseverbeenfacedwiththiskindofproblem?

　　1.Accordingtothepassage,asharkcanusemovementtodosomethingexcept.

　　A）tofindfood

　　B）toavoidbeingchasedbyitsenemies

　　C）tofindanewplacetolive

　　D）toshowitsbraveness

　　2.Examplesofautomobiles,rocketsandsubmarinesareusedtoshowthat.

　　A）humansarethemostcleverlivingcreaturesintheworld

　　B）humaninventionsenableustotravelinalmostanykindofenvironment

　　C）humansareverysuccessfulininventingtransportationtools

　　D）humanscan’tmovelikeotheranimalsinanycircumstances

　　3.Whatisthekeytotheshark’sswiftlocomotioninwater?

　　A）Theskin.B）Thetail.C）Themuscle.D）Thejaw.

　　4.AccordingtotheDukeUniversityscientists,whendoesthesharkstretchitscollagenfiberstothegreatestextent?

　　A）Whenmovingitstailrapidly.

　　B）Whenfindingitspreys.

　　C）Whenstayingwithoutanymovement.

　　D）Whenbendingitsbodyinswimming.

　　5.Whyistheareajustundertheshark’scollagenfiberssimilartoabeltedradialtire?

　　A）Becauseitisalsofullofbloodpressure.

　　B）Becauseitisalsofilledofairpressure.

　　C）Becauseitisalsoinflatedbypressure.

　　D）Becauseitalsocanbeusedagainandagain.

　　6.Alaminarflowisformedwhenafishswims.

　　A）slowlythroughthewaterB）rapidlythroughthewater

　　C）againstthecurrentD）atthefastestspeedinwater

　　7.Consumingtheequalamountofenergyasaslugdoes,amousecantravelaslongasit.

　　A）onetwelfthtimes.B）thesame.

　　C）12times.D）1.2times.

　　8.Asharkfindsitspreyby.

　　9.Accordingtothepassage,canbecomparedtothestringofabowforbothofthemstoreenergywhenstretched.

　　10.Whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource,takeplace.

PartⅣReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）

　　SectionA

　　Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　Inrecentyears,moreandmoreforeignersareinvolvedintheteachingprogramsoftheUnitedStates.Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantages47usingforeignfacultyinteachingpositionshavetobe48,ofcourse.Itcanbesaidthattheforeignbackgroundthatmakesthefacultymemberfromabroadanassetalso49problemsofadjustment,bothfortheuniversityandfortheindividual.Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolateshimselfinthelaboratoryasameansofprotection;50,whatheneedsistobefittedtoahighlyorganizeduniversitysystemquitedifferentfrom51athome.Heisfacedinhisdailyworkwithdifferencesinphilosophy,arrangementsofcoursesandmethodsofteaching.Boththevisitingprofessorandhisstudents52acommongroundineachother’scultures,someconceptofwhatisalreadyinthemindsofAmericanstudentsis53fortheforeignprofessor.Whilehelpinghimtoadapthimselftohisnewenvironment,theuniversitymustalso54certainadjustmentsinordertotakefulladvantageofwhatthenewcomercan55.Itisn’talwaysknownhowtomakecreativeuseofforeignfaculty,especiallyatsmalle