高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解.docx

高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解.docx

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高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解

高考阅读理解细节题学案

【考纲解读】

词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分（尤其是该词或短语前后的句子）进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。

考查范围涉及单词意义理解、短语意义理解、句子意义理解或代词指代对象的确定等。

【题型示例】

题型一词义猜测

【题型特点】词义猜测题常见设问方式

1．

（1）Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninthe...?

（2）Theword“...”probablyrefersto...

其中均含有wordorunderlinedword。

2．

（1）Theterm/sentencein...canbereplacedby...

（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase/sentencemeaninthelastparagraph?

【方法技巧】“一原则”、“二关注”速解词义猜测题

一原则

结合上下文

词义猜测题所提问的单词、词组或句子一般都是考生不认识的，即使认识，正确答案也未必是熟悉的含义。

这种题目目的就是希望考生能结合上下文，来理解不认识的单词、词组或句子。

二关注

关注并列转折部分

这是做词义猜测题的一大利器。

因为由并列转折连接的两部分会存在语义含义和成分的对应。

所以如果有一个单词不认识，就可以在与其并列或转折部分的信息中找对应信息。

关注解释说明部分

分析试题可以发现，其实出题者在出一些词义猜测题的时候也是动了恻隐之心的。

会在晦涩难懂的信息附近存在一个解释说明部分，解释说明部分的标志有逗号、冒号、破折号、双引号等。

例1、（2017·天津，C）

Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles（自主驾驶车辆）.Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:

thegreyareabetweensemi－autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:

thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（财产）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving，”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability（法律责任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall，”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment－provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.

ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere，”saysCalo.

1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto？

A．Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.

B．Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.

C．Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.

D．Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.

2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto______.

A．stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesxk-w

B．helppromotefullyautomaticdriving

C．protectdriversofallagesandraces

D．preventseriouspropertydamage

解析：

考查推理判断。

根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用（permitfullyautomaticdriving）可知，选B。

3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars？

A．Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.

B．Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.

C．Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.

D．Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.

解析：

考查推理判断。

题干询问消费者（乘客）对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。

4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein________.

A．SingaporeB．theUK

C．theUSD．Germany

5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？

A．AutonomousDriving:

WhoseLiability?

B．FullyAutomaticCars:

ANewBreakthrough

C．AutonomousVehicles:

DriverRemoved!

D．DriverlessCars:

RootofRoadAccidents

解析：

考查主旨大意。

全文把德国交通部长的提议作为引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。

【变式探究】（2017·全国Ⅰ，C）

Someoftheworld'smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization）recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying（联合）voiceacrosscultures.

Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.

It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchange__that__.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.

“Jazzseemslikeit'snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite，”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio'sreporterNealConan.“WhatI'mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackorwhiteanymore.It'sactuallycolorful,andit'sactuallydigital.”

Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan'tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame，”saysMoran.

Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller'smusicforadanceparty,“justtokindofputitbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic，”saysMoran.“Forme,it'stherecontextualization.Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion（情感）lie?

Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight（感悟）onhowtotalkaboutourselvesandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkerrecordgetsusintoadialogueaboutouremotionsandourthoughts?

Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext，”saysMoran,“soIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”

文章大意：

本文介绍了举办第一届国际爵士乐日的宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何让爵士乐重新流行的设想。

6.WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay？

A．Torememberthebirthofjazz.

B．Toprotectculturaldiversity.

C．Toencouragepeopletostudymusic.

D．Torecognizethevalueofjazz.

强人们对爵士乐价值的认识，故答案为D。

7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto？

A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.

B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.

C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.

D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.

解析：

考查代词指代。

根据语境可知，画线词that指代上段“Despitethecelebrations，though，intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder，andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。

故选C。

8.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran'sopiniononjazz？

A．Itwilldisappeargradually.

B．Itremainsblackandwhite.

C．Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.

D．Itchangesevery50years.

9.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext？

A．ExploringtheFutureofJazzx/kw

B．TheRiseandFallofJazz

C．TheStoryofaJazzMusician

D．CelebratingtheJazzDay

解析：

考查主旨要义。

本文介绍了为保护爵士乐，联合国教科文组织设立国际爵士乐日。

纵观全文内容尤其是第三至第六段中提到的杰森·莫兰对爵士乐的看法及希望可知，A项“探索爵士乐的未来”作本文标题最佳。

【举一反三】（2017·江苏，B）

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscould__rule_the_roost__.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:

OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New－bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！

”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered－backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.

Itturnsoutthatbabyred－backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？

”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”

文章大意：

研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。

1.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“______”．

A．betheworstB．bethebest

C．betheasbadD．bejustasgood

解析：

考查词义猜测。

根据句中的转折词But与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。

2.WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon？

A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.

B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.

C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland'slocals.

D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.

解析：

考查细节理解。

根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers”，第三段的