职称英语卫生类阅读和完型新增文章含练习解析.docx
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职称英语卫生类阅读和完型新增文章含练习解析
2012年职称英语卫生类
新增文章篇目
2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材(电子版已经发布,欢迎下载)
阅读理解(5篇)
第八篇EatHealthy (2011年综合类第一篇)
第十九篇ProlongingHumanLife (2011理工类第十九篇)
*第二十四篇SleepLetsBrainFileMemories
(2011年理工类 第二十八篇;综合类 第二十篇)
+第三十四篇WhoWanttoLiveForever?
(2011年综合类 第三十一篇)
+第四十篇SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthers
(2011年理工类 第四十五篇)
完形填空(5篇)
第二篇 Goingonadiet已有
*第八篇OldAndActive已有
+第十二篇Dreams已有
+第十四篇AHealthProfile (2009年综合类教材)
+第十五篇LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears
(2011综合类教材)
译文见最后
注:
1、+表示A级文章;*表示B即文章;其他为C级文章;
2、完形填空,请参见第18页;
3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。
阅读理解
第八篇EatHealthy
"Cleanyourplate!
"and"Beamemberoftheclean-plate-club!
"JustabouteverykidintheUShasheardthisfromaparentorgrandparent.Often,it'saccompaniedbyanappeal:
"JustthinkaboutthosestarvingorphansinAfrica!
"Sure,weshouldbegratefulforeverybiteoffood.Unfortunately,manypeopleintheUStaketoomanybites.Insteadofstaying"cleantheplate",perhapsweshouldsavesomefoodfortomorrow.
Accordingtonewsreports,USrestaurantsarepartlytoblameforthegrowingbellies.Awaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomer,withtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernment,accordingtoaUSATodaystory.Americanstraditionallyassociatequantitywithvalueandmostrestaurantstrytogivethemthat.Theyprefertohavecustomerscomplainabouttoomuchfoodratherthantoolittle.
BarbaraRolls,anutritionprofessoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,toldUSATodaythatrestaurantportionsizesbegantogrowinthe1970s,thesametimethattheAmericanwaistlinebegantoexpand.
Healthexpertshavetriedtogetmanyrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.Now,apparently,somecustomersarecallingforthistoo.TherestaurantindustrytrademagazineQSRreportedlastmonththat57percentofmorethan4,000peoplesurveyedbelieverestaurantsserveportionsthataretoolarge;23percenthadnoopinion;20percentdisagreed.ButacloserlookatthesurveyindicatesthatmanyAmericanswhocan'taffordfinediningstillpreferlargeportions.Seventypercentofthoseearningatleast$150,000peryearprefersmallerportions;butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan$25,000wantsmaller.
It'snotthatworkingclassAmericansdon'twanttoeathealthy.It'sjustthat,afterlonghoursatlow-payingjobs,gettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikeagooddeal.Theylivefrompaychecktopaycheck,happytosavealittlemoneyfornextyear'sChristmaspresents.
词汇:
orphan/''?
:
f?
n]/n.孤儿
belly/'beli/n.肚子
nutrition/nju:
'tri?
?
n/n.营养
waistline/'weistlain/n.腰围
paycheck/'pei't?
ek/n.薪金支票
注释:
1.Beamemberoftheclean-plateclub!
做清盘俱乐部的成员
2.JustthinkaboutthosestarvingorphansinAfrica!
只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!
3.taketoomanybites吃得太多
4.AWaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomer,withtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernment,accordingtoaUSATodaystory.根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜,其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5.It'sjustthat,afterlonghoursatlow-payingjobs,gettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikea
gooddeal.事情是这样的,美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来,盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
练习:
1.ParentsintheUnitedStatestendtoasktheirchildren
Atosavefood.
Btowashthedishes.
Cnottowastefood.
Dnottoeattoomuch
2.WhydoAmericanrestaurantsservelargeportions?
ABecauseAmericansassociatequantitywithvalue.
BBecauseAmericanshavebigbellies.
CBecauseAmericansaregoodeaters.
DBecauseAmericansaregreedy.
3.Whathappenedinthe1970s?
ATheUSgovernmentrecommendedtheamountoffoodarestaurantgavetoacustomer.
BHealthexpertspersuadedrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.
CTheUnitedStatesproducedmoregrainthanneeded.
DTheAmericanwaistlinestartedtoexpand.
4.Whatdoesthesurveyindicate?
AManypoorAmericanswantlargeportions.
BTwentypercentAmericanswantsmallerportions.
CFiftysevenpercentAmericansearn$150,000peryear.
DTwentythreepercentAmericansearnlessthan$25,000peryear.
5.WhichofthefollowingisNottrueofworkingclassAmericans?
ATheyworklonghours.
BTheylivefrompaychecktopaycheck.
CTheydon'twanttobehealthyeaters.
DTheywanttosavemoneyfortheirchildren
答案与题解:
1.C本题问的是:
美国父母总是叫他们的孩子干什么?
文章开头说到,每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话,"吃光你盘子里的东西","做清盘俱乐部的成员"。
这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。
因此C是正确的答案。
2.A本题问的是:
美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多?
第二段相关的话是这么说的:
美国人在传统上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起,因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。
这些饭馆乐于让顾客们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。
所以A是正确的答案。
3.D本题问的是:
20世纪70年代发生了什么?
文章第三段是这样说的:
一位宾州大学营养教授,BarbaraRolls,告诉《今日美国》20世纪70年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加,与此同时,美国人的腰围也开始增大。
所以D是对的。
4.A本题问的是:
调查报告说明了什么?
选项B、C和D所说的数字不对。
因此唯有A是正确的。
A说的是:
许多美国穷人希望量大。
这个信息可以在第四段中找到。
相关的句子是这么说的:
许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。
5.C本题问的是:
下面的哪种说法不带合美国工人的实际情况?
C说的是:
他们不想做吃得健康的人。
这个说法是不对的。
最后一段的第一句话是这么说的:
美国工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。
因此C正确。
第十九篇ProlongingHumanLife
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelonger,therearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infact,itisadecreaseindeathrates,notanincreaseinbirthrates,thathasledtothepopulationexplosion.
Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocieties,peoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringcultures,oldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamine,infantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarved,whereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocieties,peoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirement,somebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurance,theymustoften"goonwelfare"iftheyhaveaseriousillness.
Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweakandilltocareforthemselves,theycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalcultures,theywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Today,withmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschool,thereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneed,agreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizations,althoughsomearesponsoredbyreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsarcgood,mostofthemaresimply"dumpinggrounds"forthedyinginwhich"care"isgivenbypoorlypaid,overworked,andunder-skilledpersonnel.
词汇:
dependency/di'pend?
nsi/n.依赖性
contemporary/k?
n'temp?
r?
ri/α.现代的
obligation/,?
bli'ɡei?
?
n/n.义务
insurance/in'?
u?
r?
ns/n.保险
welfare/'welfε?
/n.福利
senile/'si:
nail/αdj.衰老的
grave/ɡreiv/αdj.严肃的
convalescent/,k?
nv?
'les?
nt/αdj.康复的
sponsor/'sp?
ns?
/v.发起,资助
institution/,insti'tju:
?
?
n/n.机构
注释:
1.Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation:
延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。
句中的prolonginghumanlife是动名词短语。
由动名词短语作句子的主语时,句中动词必须用单数形式。
如:
Collectingstampsishishobby.
2.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenborn100yearsago:
如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前,他们会死于各种儿童疾病。
3.Becausemorepeoplelivelonger,therearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime:
因为有更多的人寿命更长,所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。
4.thedependencyload:
抚养人口数量。
5.Intimesoffamine:
在饥荒年代
6.goonwelfare:
靠福利救济
goon有许多意思,其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。
例:
Manypeoplegoonwelfarewhenjobsbecomescarce.
(工作难找时,许多人靠政府救济金过日子。
)
7.graveproblems:
严重的问题
8.convalescenthospitals:
康复医院;疗养院
9.profit-makingorganizations:
赢利机构
10.dumpinggrounds:
垃圾场
练习:
1.Thewriterbelievesthatthepopulationexplosionresultsfrom
Aanincreaseinbirthrates.
Btheindustrialdevelopment.
Cadecreaseindeathrates.
Dculturaladvances.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinhuntingandgatheringcultures
Aitwasamoralresponsibilitytokeepold-agedpeoplealive.
Binfantscouldbeleftdeadintimesofstarvation.
Cparentshadtoimparttheculturalwisdomofthetribetotheirchildren.
Ddeathwasconsideredtobefreedomfromhardships.
3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutretiredpeopleintheUnitedStatesistrue?
AManyofthemhaveaveryhardlife.
BTheycannotliveadecentlifewithoutenoughbanksavings.
CTheyrelymainlyontheirchildrenforfinancialsupport.
DMostofthemlivewiththeirchildrenandthereforearewelllookedafter.
4.InParagraph3,thephrase"thisneed"refersto
Atheneedtoprolongthelivesofoldpeople.
Btheneedtoenrichthelifeoftheretiredpeople.
Ctheneedtobuildprofit-makingnursinghomes.
Dtheneedtotakecareofasickandweakperson.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewriter'sattitudetowardmostofthenursinghomes,andconvalescenthospitals?
ASympathetic.
BUnfriendly.
COptimistic.
DCritical.
答案与题解:
1.C第一段最后一句说:
Infact,itisadecreaseindeathrates,notanincreaseinbirthrates,thathasledtothepopulationexplosion.事实上,是由于死亡率的下降,而不是出生率的上升,导数了人口爆炸。
因此,选项C是正确答案。
2.B第二段第四句说:
Intimesoffamine,infantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirpa