英语语言学教程课后整理.docx
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英语语言学教程课后整理
他一边说一边笑。
荷叶像一把小圆伞。
我们像花儿一样美丽。
例:
小鸟一边飞一边叫。
(15)(地球爷爷)的手就是(地心)引力。
小兔爱吃草,也爱吃萝卜。
越来越快越来越黑
3、把乱的词语连成一句通顺的话。
白白的雪花弯弯的月儿弯弯的小路
竖心旁:
快、忙、情、怕
如:
爱(爱人)(亲爱)(爱情)(可爱)(热爱)(友爱)Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
----Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.
Prescriptive&Descriptive规定性&描写性(定义、区别)
Prescriptive----Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)
Descriptive----Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)
Synchronic&Diachronic共时性对历时性(定义)
Synchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory(modernlinguistics)
Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
Langue&Parole(F.deSaussure)语言对话语
Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.
Competence&Performance(Chomsky)语言能力对语言运用(定义)
Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofthislanguage
Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
Traditionalgrammar&Modernlinguistics传统语法对现代语言学(区别)
Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframework
Modernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework
Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)
Arbitrariness(任意性)声音和事物之间的关联
Productivity/Creativity(能产性)
Duality(双层性)
Displacement(移位性)
Culturaltransmission(文化传承)
Phonetics语音学(定义和分类)
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.
Threebranchesofphonetics(发音语音学,听觉语音学,声学语音学)
Articulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”
Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”
Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.
Classificationofvowels(元音)
Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels(单元音)
Diphthongsorglidingvowels(双元音)
Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestinthe
processofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:
。
Phone(音素),phoneme(音位),andallophone(音位变体)(区分判断)
Aphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,andsomedon’t。
Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext
Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
Phonemiccontrast(音位对立),Complementarydistribution(互补分布)andMinimalpair(最小对立体).
vComplementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.
dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]&unaspirated[p].
(课上强调)Theclear[l]alwaysoccursbeforeavowelwhilethedark[l]alwaysoccursbetweenavowelandaconsonant,orattheendofaword.Sotheallophones(音位变体)aresaidtobeinComplementarydistribution.
Somerulesinphonology(音位学)
Sequentialrules(序列)
Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsina
particularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”might
possiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.Ifawordbeginswitha
[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.
Assimilationrule(同化)
Assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”a
featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwo
phonessimilar
Deletionrule(省略)
ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitis
orthographicallyrepresented。
E.g.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe
[g]soundispronouncedintheircorrespondingforms
signature,designation,paradigmatic.
Suprasegmentalfeatures(超切分特征)----thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(largerthanphoneme):
判断题(具体书上看)
Syllable:
音节
stress(重音)
tone(低音)
intonation(语调)
Chapter3Morphology(形态学)
Morphologytorefertothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.
Openclasswordandclosedclassword(开放词类和封闭词类)
Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.
Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.
(数次,感叹词半开放半封闭词类)
Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning(词素—最小的意义单位)
FreeandBoundmorphemes(自由词素和粘附词素)
Freemorpheme—awordbyitself(独立自由运用)
Boundmorpheme---attachedtoanotherone(必须依附于自由词素,否则不能构成词)
Allomorphs(词素变体)---thevariantformsofamorpheme.e.g.aboy,anhour
Wordstructure
Root(词根)constitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev(e)able”…
Stem(词干)Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,e.g.“Undesirable”inundesirables
Base词基Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.
vAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;
vAbaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;
vRoot,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;
vUndesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;
vDesirableinundesirableisonlyabase.
Compound(复合词)
vWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-cold,blue-black…
vWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocket…
vCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.redcoat,greenhouse…
vThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.
Chapter4Syntax(句法)
Whatissyntax?
Syntax----abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
Majorlexicalcategories:
N,V,Adj,Prep.
MinorLexicalcategories:
Det(determiner限定词),Deg(degreewords表程度的词),Qual(qualifier频度副词),Aux(Auxilarity助动词),Conj(conjunction连词).
Thecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredetermined:
Meaning、InflectionDistribution(Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.)
Phrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).
Thestructure:
specifier+head+complement
Head(中心语)----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed
Specifier(标志语)----thewordsontheleftsideoftheheads
Complement(补语)----thewordsontherightsideoftheheads
TheXPrule(词组层面上)
X’Theory
XP→(Specifier)X’
X’→X(complement)
Doinsertion(DO的插入)
Doinsertion----InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInfl(屈折变化)position.
Deepstructure&surfacestructure(深层结构和表层结构的定义和区分)
Deepstructure----formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssub-categorizationproperties;itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.
Surfacestructure----correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations;itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.
Chapter5Semantics(语义学)
Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.
Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.
Whatismeaning?
----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning
Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning
vNamingtheory(Plato)唯名论
vTheconceptualistview概念论
vContextualism(Bloomfield)语境论
vBehaviorism行为论
Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlink
betweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.
betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,inthe
interpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthe
mediationofconceptsinthemind.
(P63)
OgdenandRichards:
semantictriangle
Thesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements(wordsandphrases);
Thereferentreferstotheobjectintheworldofexperience;
Thoughtorreferencereferstoconcept.
Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.
Contextualism(Bloomfield)语境论
Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:
Situationalcontext:
spatiotemporalsituation
Linguisticcontext:
theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.
Behaviorism行为论
Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.
ThestoryofJackand