英语语言学教程课后整理.docx

英语语言学教程课后整理.docx

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英语语言学教程课后整理

他一边说一边笑。

荷叶像一把小圆伞。

我们像花儿一样美丽。

例：

小鸟一边飞一边叫。

（15）（地球爷爷）的手就是（地心）引力。

小兔爱吃草，也爱吃萝卜。

越来越快越来越黑

3、把乱的词语连成一句通顺的话。

白白的雪花弯弯的月儿弯弯的小路

竖心旁：

快、忙、情、怕

如：

爱（爱人）（亲爱）（爱情）（可爱）（热爱）（友爱）Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

----Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.

Prescriptive&Descriptive规定性&描写性（定义、区别）

Prescriptive----Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage（traditionalgrammar）

Descriptive----Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse（modernlinguistic）

Synchronic&Diachronic共时性对历时性（定义）

Synchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory（modernlinguistics）

Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

Langue&Parole（F.deSaussure）语言对话语

Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.

Competence&Performance（Chomsky）语言能力对语言运用（定义）

Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofthislanguage

Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

Traditionalgrammar&Modernlinguistics传统语法对现代语言学（区别）

Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframework

Modernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework

Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）

Arbitrariness（任意性）声音和事物之间的关联

Productivity/Creativity（能产性）

Duality（双层性）

Displacement（移位性）

Culturaltransmission（文化传承）

Phonetics语音学（定义和分类）

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.

Threebranchesofphonetics（发音语音学，听觉语音学，声学语音学）

Articulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”

Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”

Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.

Classificationofvowels（元音）

Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels（单元音）

Diphthongsorglidingvowels（双元音）

Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestinthe

processofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:

。

Phone（音素）,phoneme（音位）,andallophone（音位变体）（区分判断）

Aphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,andsomedon’t。

Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext

Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

Phonemiccontrast（音位对立）,Complementarydistribution（互补分布）andMinimalpair（最小对立体）.

vComplementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.

dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]&unaspirated[p].

（课上强调）Theclear[l]alwaysoccursbeforeavowelwhilethedark[l]alwaysoccursbetweenavowelandaconsonant,orattheendofaword.Sotheallophones（音位变体）aresaidtobeinComplementarydistribution.

Somerulesinphonology（音位学）

Sequentialrules（序列）

Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsina

particularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”might

possiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.Ifawordbeginswitha

[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.

Assimilationrule（同化）

Assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”a

featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwo

phonessimilar

Deletionrule（省略）

ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitis

orthographicallyrepresented。

E.g.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe

[g]soundispronouncedintheircorrespondingforms

signature,designation,paradigmatic.

Suprasegmentalfeatures（超切分特征）----thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments（largerthanphoneme）:

判断题（具体书上看）

Syllable：

音节

stress（重音）

tone（低音）

intonation（语调）

Chapter3Morphology（形态学）

Morphologytorefertothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.

Openclasswordandclosedclassword（开放词类和封闭词类）

Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.

Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.

（数次，感叹词半开放半封闭词类）

Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning（词素—最小的意义单位）

FreeandBoundmorphemes（自由词素和粘附词素）

Freemorpheme—awordbyitself（独立自由运用）

Boundmorpheme---attachedtoanotherone（必须依附于自由词素，否则不能构成词）

Allomorphs（词素变体）---thevariantformsofamorpheme.e.g.aboy,anhour

Wordstructure

Root（词根）constitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes（inflectional&derivational）areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev（e）able”…

Stem（词干）Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,e.g.“Undesirable”inundesirables

Base词基Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.

vAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;

vAbaseisderivationallyanalyzable（e.g.undesireinundesirable）whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;

vRoot,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;

vUndesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;

vDesirableinundesirableisonlyabase.

Compound（复合词）

vWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-cold,blue-black…

vWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocket…

vCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.redcoat,greenhouse…

vThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.

Chapter4Syntax（句法）

Whatissyntax?

Syntax----abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

Majorlexicalcategories:

N,V,Adj,Prep.

MinorLexicalcategories:

Det（determiner限定词）,Deg（degreewords表程度的词）,Qual（qualifier频度副词）,Aux（Auxilarity助动词）,Conj（conjunction连词）.

Thecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredetermined：

Meaning、InflectionDistribution（Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.）

Phrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP（N）,VP（V）,AP（A）,PP（P）.

Thestructure:

specifier+head+complement

Head（中心语）----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed

Specifier（标志语）----thewordsontheleftsideoftheheads

Complement（补语）----thewordsontherightsideoftheheads

TheXPrule（词组层面上）

X’Theory

XP→（Specifier）X’

X’→X（complement）

Doinsertion（DO的插入）

Doinsertion----InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInfl（屈折变化）position.

Deepstructure&surfacestructure（深层结构和表层结构的定义和区分）

Deepstructure----formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssub-categorizationproperties;itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.

Surfacestructure----correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations;itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.

Chapter5Semantics（语义学）

Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.

Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.

Whatismeaning?

----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning

Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning

vNamingtheory（Plato）唯名论

vTheconceptualistview概念论

vContextualism（Bloomfield）语境论

vBehaviorism行为论

Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlink

betweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto（i.e.

betweenlanguageandtherealworld）;rather,inthe

interpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthe

mediationofconceptsinthemind.

（P63）

OgdenandRichards:

semantictriangle

Thesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements（wordsandphrases）;

Thereferentreferstotheobjectintheworldofexperience;

Thoughtorreferencereferstoconcept.

Thesymbolorawordsignifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.

Contextualism（Bloomfield）语境论

Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:

Situationalcontext:

spatiotemporalsituation

Linguisticcontext:

theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.

Behaviorism行为论

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.

ThestoryofJackand