石家庄铁道大学信息科学与技术学院级专业英语课程讲义unit110全.docx

石家庄铁道大学信息科学与技术学院级专业英语课程讲义unit110全.docx

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石家庄铁道大学信息科学与技术学院级专业英语课程讲义unit110全

此文档为石家庄铁道大学信息科学与技术学院2013级专业英语课程讲义；

目的为方便学弟学妹学习；

任课老师为印度外教。

Unit-1Introduction

Application:

Definition:

asoftwareprogramwhichallowsausertoperformspecifictaskssuchaswordprocessing,email,accounting,databasemanagement

"ExamplesofpopularapplicationsincludeMicrosoftWord,AdobePhotoshop,andMozillaFirefox."

Component:

Definition:

anydeviceinternaltothecomputer,suchasaprimaryharddiskdriveormotherboard

"Ahardwaregeekisconstantlyupgradingcomponentsinhiscomputertoachievemoreperformance.”

Computer:

Definition:

anelectronic,digitaldevicethatstoresandprocessesinformation

"Acomputerneedstobereplacedorupgradedregularlyoritwillbecomeobsolete."

Data:

Definition:

literallymeaning'thatwhichisgiven',thistermreferstorawinformationofanykind

"Thenetworkadministratorwasfiredwhenhelostallthecompanydatabyaccidentallyformattingthewrongharddiskdrivearray."

Database:

Definition:

anorganized,electroniccollectionofinformationoptimizedforfastaccessandtypicallyconsistingrows,columns,indexes,andkeys

"TheinternationalcompanystoredtheircustomerinformationinacentraldatabaseinBrussels."

Hardware:

Definition:

physicalthingsthatmakeupacomputer,suchasacomponentoraperipheral

Internet:

Definition:

thelargestknownpublicnetworkintheworld,connectingmillionsofcomputersaroundtheworld

"SomepeoplerefertotheInternetasaninformationsuperhighway."

Network:

Definition:

agroupofconnectedcomputerswhichshareresources

Peripheral:

Definition:

anexternalcomputeradd-on,suchasaprinterorascanner;alsoknownasan'accessory‘

Software:

Definition:

anyprogramdesignedtorunonacomputer.KindsofS/W:

Applications,Operatingsystems,BIOS.

Unit2:

IntroductiontoSoftware

Abort:

Definition:

toendaprogramoraprocessbeforeitscompletion

"Whenthewordprocessorapplicationcrashed,theuserhadtoaborttheprogramandloseallhisunsavedchanges."

Bug:

Definition:

anerrorinacomputerprogram

"Anaveragedeveloperwillcreateonebugforevery10linesofcodewritten.”

ClosedSource:

Definition:

softwareinwhichthelicensestipulatesthattheusercannotsee,edit,ormanipulatesthesourcecodeofasoftwareprogram

"Iwantedtodevelopanewfeaturefortheprogram,butIcouldn'tbecauseitwasclosedsource."

Compatible:

Definition:

capableofbeingusedwithoutmodification

"TheIBM360wasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulcomputerfamilywithawiderangeofcompatibleparts."

Crash:

Definition:

acomputerfailureduetofaultyhardwareoraserioussoftwarebug

"Theuserwasadvisedtorebootthecomputerafteraseriouscrashinwhichthecomputernolongerresponded."

Enduser:

Definition:

apersonwhousesaproductorserviceonacomputer

"Developersmustmaintainacloserelationshipwithendusersiftheywanttohaveasuccessfulcareer."

Error:

Definition:

anincorrectactionattributabletopoorjudgment,ignorance,orinattention

"Thecomputerreporteda"divisionbyzero"errorandautomaticallyabortedtheprogram."

Execute:

Definition:

tostartaprogramonacomputer

"Theprogramwassettoexecuteeverynightatmidnight."

Feature:

Definition:

somethingacomputerprogramis"supposed"todo;theseareoftenreasonstouseaparticularprogramorupgradetoamorerecentversion

"ThemanupgradedhiscopyofWordbecauseofanewfeaturethatallowedhimtospell-checkdocumentsinSpanish."

OpenSource:

Definition:

aprograminwhichthecodeisdistributedallowingprogrammerstoalterandchangetheoriginalsoftwareasmuchastheylike

"Thearticlestatedthatmanyprogrammerspreferopensourcesolutionsbecausetheycanmodifyfeaturesandfixbugswithoutwaitingforanupgradeorpatchfromthemanufacturer."

Programmer:

Definition:

apersonwhowritesormodifiescomputerprogramsorapplications

"Thesoftwarecompanyneededtohirethreenewprogrammerstohelpdebugtheirflagshipapplication."

Proprietary:

Definition:

privatelydevelopedandownedtechnology.

"Becauseofproprietarycode,youmaynotmodifyorredistributethesourcecodeofWindowsorMacintoshoperatingsystems."

Unit3:

OperatingSystems

CLI-CommandLineInterface:

Definition:

atext-onlylinkbetweenacomputeranditsoperator.

"ThetechnicianenjoyedadministeringtheUNIXserverwiththeCLItools."

Compression:

Definition:

amethodofpackingdatainordertosavediskstoragespaceordownloadtime

"Zipandmp3aretwocommonfilecompressionexamples."

Devicedriver:

Definition:

softwarewhichconvertsthedatafromacomponentorperipheralintodatathatanoperatingsystemcanuse

"TheITsupporttechnicianaskedtheenduserifhehadrecentlyupdatedanydevicedrivers."

Filepermissions:

Definition:

asetofstrictrulesforcontrollingread,write,andexecuteaccesstoafileordirectory

"ThecompanyswitchedfromFAT32toNTFSfilesystembecausetheformerdidnotsupportfilepermissions.”

Format:

Definition:

prepareadevicetostoredata,erasinganyexistingdata

"Onemustformataflashmemorydriveoraharddiskdrivebeforeitcanusedtostoredata."

GUI（GraphicalUserInterface）

Definition:

aniconbasedlinkbetweenacomputeranditsoperator

"Mostuserspreferanicon-basedGUIoveracommandlineoption."

Hiddenfile:

Definition:

afilewhichdoesnotappearbydefaultinadirectorylisting;normallyforsecurityreasonsortospareconfusioninendusers

"Theadministratorwasupsetwhentheenduserfoundawaytodisplayandthendeleteseveralhiddenfiles."

Kernel:

Definition:

thefundamentalpartofanoperatingsystemresponsibleforprovidingaccesstothemachine'shardware

"ThesystemadministratorneededtoupgradethekernelinordertoprovidenativesupportforSerialATAdrives."

Linux:

Definition:

anopensourceversionofUNIXdevelopedbyavolunteerteamofprogrammersaroundtheworld

"LinuxwasoriginallydevelopedbyLinusTorvalds,whowantedafreeUnix-likeoperatingsystemthatranonstandardPChardware."

Logoff:

Definition:

toterminateaconnectiontoacomputerornetwork

"Theserverwassettoautomaticallylogoffusersafter10minutesofinactivity."

Logon:

Definition:

toenterinformationrelatedtoanaccountnameanditspasswordinordertoaccessacomputerresource

"Thecomputerusercouldnotlogonbecauseheforgothisusernameandpassword."

Multitasking:

Definition:

concurrentexecutionoftwoormoretasksbyaprocessor

"UNIXistheoriginalmultitaskingenvironmentandwasdesignedfromthebeginningtoshareresourcesoveranetwork."

OS（OperatingSystem）

Definition:

aGUIorCLIsoftwarelinkbetweenthecomputerandoperator;alsoprovidesaframeworkforproductivitysoftwaresuchasanofficesuite,webbrowser,orprogramminglanguages

"TheprogrammertestedhisJavacodeonmanyoperatingsystemsincluding:

Windows,Linux,andMacintosh."

VM（Virtualmachine）

Definition:

asoftwareprogramwhichmimicstheperformanceofoneormorehardwaredevicesinordertorunsoftwareindependentlyoftheactualhardware

"InordertorunJavaprogramsinWindowsoneneedstodownloadanappropriatevirtualmachine."

X（XWindowSystem）

Definition:

asoftwaretoolkitforUNIXsystemsunderlyingnumerousGUIwindowmanagersincludingKDEandGnome

"ThemanwassurprisedathowsimilarinfunctionalityXwastoMicrosoftWindows."

Unit-4SoftwareApplications

AlphaVersion:

Definition:

normallythefirstversionofasoftwareapplicationthatisfeature-readyandreleasedtotesters.

Betaversion:

Definition:

asoftwareprogramusedfortestingpurposesbeforeitisreleasedtothepublic

Freeware:

Definition:

softwaredistributedwithoutcostbythedeveloperwhichnormallycannotbemodifiedorsoldwithoutpermission

Helpfile:

Definition:

afilecontaininginstructionshowtouseacertainfeatureorprogram

Patch:

Definition:

asoftwareupdateintendedtofixbugsorsecurityholesinasoftwarerelease

RC（ReleaseCandidate）:

Definition:

apieceofsoftwarethathaspassedthebetatestingstageandisalmostreadytobereleasedtothepublic

Shareware:

Definition:

proprietarysoftwarewhichcanbedistributedfreelybutislimitedbyfeaturesand/ortimelimituntilafullversionispurchased

Upgrade:

Definition:

toreplaceanolderversionofsoftwareorhardwarewithanewerversion

UNIT-5ITCareers

Belowisalistofthevocabularyneededtopassthisunitwithagoodscore.

CIO（chiefinformationofficer）

Anexecutivepositionresponsibleforinternalprocessesandpractices;normallyhasastrongerbusinessadministrationbackgroundthantechnicalbackground

"TheCIO'sworkisoftenquitevaried,rangingfrommanagingacompany'sITbudgettooverseeingstaffoutsourcing."

CTO（chieftechnicalofficer）

Anexecutivepositionresponsibleforallscientificandtechnologicalissuesrelatedtoacompany;normallyhasastrongtechnicalandsomewhatlessstrongmanagementbackground

"TheCEOdecidedtofiretheCTOafterthecompany'sITdepartmentlostayearoffinancialrecordsduetopoorbackupprocedures."

DBA（databaseadministrator）

Apersoninchargeofmanagingandmaintainingrelationaldatabasesandtheiraccessrights

"TherequirementsfortheDBAjobpositionwere:

advancedSQL,performancetuning,anddisasterrecoverforORACLEsystems."

Databasedeveloper

Apositionresponsibleforprogrammingandoptimizingdatabases

"Thedatabasedeveloperspentthreemonthsrefactoringthecompanydatabasetoobtain3NF（thirdnormalform）."

Enterprisearchitect

Ahigh-levelpositionresponsibleforunderstandingabusiness'soverallneedsandthendesigninganITstructuretosupportit

"Thefirmhiredanenterprisearc