高二化学上册方程式汇总.docx
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高二化学上册方程式汇总
2016年高二化学上册方程式汇总
2016年高二化学上册方程式汇总
高二化学方程式汇总:
非金属单质(F2,l2,2,S,N2,P,,Si)
1,氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF
F2+Xe(过量)===XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4
nF2+2===2Fn(表示大部分金属)
2F2+2H2===4HF+2
2F2+2NaH===2NaF+F2+H2
F2+2Nal===2NaF+l2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
F2+l2(等体积)===2lF
3F2(过量)+l2===2lF3
7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
l2+H2===2Hl
3l2+2P===2Pl3
l2+Pl3===Pl
l2+2Na===2Nal
3l2+2Fe===2Fel3
l2+2Fel2===2Fel3
l2+u===ul2
2l2+2NaBr===2Nal+Br2
l2+2NaI===2Nal+I2
l2+I2+6H2===2HI3+10Hl
l2+Na2S===2Nal+S
l2+H2S===2Hl+S
l2+S2+2H2===H2S4+2Hl
l2+H22===2Hl+2
22+3Fe===Fe34
2+===2
S+H2===H2S
2S+===S2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2u===u2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3g===g3N2
N2+3a===a3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6===23N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.还原性
S+2===S2
S+2===S2
S+6HN3(浓)===H2S4+6N2+2H2
3S+4HN3(稀)===3S2+4N+2H2
N2+2===2N
4P+2===P410(常写成P2)
2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,l2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX
P4+20HN3(浓)===4H3P4+20N2+4H2
+2F2===F4
+2l2===l4
2+2(少量)===2
+2(足量)===2
+2===2
+H2===+H2(生成水煤气)
2+Si2===Si+2(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2l===Sil4
(Sil4+2H2===Si(纯)+4Hl)
Si(粉)+2===Si2
Si+===Si(金刚砂)
Si+2NaH+H2===Na2Si3+2H2
3,(碱中)歧化
l2+H2===Hl+Hl
(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)
l2+2NaH===Nal+Nal+H2
2l2+2a(H)2===al2+a(l)2+2H2
3l2+6H(热,浓)===l+l3+3H2
3S+6NaH===2Na2S+Na2S3+3H2
4P+3H(浓)+3H2===PH3+3H2P2
11P+1uS4+24H2===u3P+6H3P4+1H2S4
3+a===a2+
3+Si2===Si+2
二,金属单质(Na,g,Al,Fe)的还原性
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+2===2Na2
2Na2+2===2Na22
2Na+2===Na22
2Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2===2NaH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
4Na+Til4(熔融)===4Nal+Ti
g+l2===gl2
g+Br2===gBr2
2g+2===2g
g+S===gS
g+2H2===g(H)2+H2
2g+Til4(熔融)===Ti+2gl2
g+2Rbl===gl2+2Rb
2g+2===2g+
2g+Si2===2g+Si
g+H2S===gS+H2
g+H2S4===gS4+H2
2Al+3l2===2All3
4Al+32===2Al23(钝化)
4Al(Hg)+32+2xH2===2(Al23xH2)+4Hg
4Al+3n2===2Al23+3n
2Al+r23===Al23+2r
2Al+Fe23===Al23+2Fe
2Al+3Fe===Al23+3Fe
2Al+6Hl===2All3+3H2
2Al+3H2S4===Al2(S4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2S4(浓)===Al2(S4)3+3S2+6H2
(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2S4,HN3中钝化)
Al+4HN(稀)===Al(N3)3+N+2H2
2Al+2NaH+2H2===2NaAl2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
Fe+I2===FeI2
Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2(g)===Fe34+4H2
Fe+2Hl===Fel2+H2
Fe+ul2===Fel2+u
Fe+Snl4===Fel2+Snl2
(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全
还原为单质锡Fe+Snl2==Fel2+Sn)
三,非金属氢化物(HF,Hl,H2,H2S,NH3)
1,还原性:
4Hl(浓)+n2===nl2+l2+2H2
4Hl(g)+2===2l2+2H2
16Hl+2n4===2l+2nl2+l2+8H2
14Hl+2r27===2l+2rl3+3l2+7H2
2H2+2F2===4HF+2
2H2S+32(足量)===2S2+2H2
2H2S+2(少量)===2S+2H2
2H2S+S2===3S+2H2
H2S+H2S4(浓)===S+S2+2H2
3H2S+2HN(稀)===3S+2N+4H2
H2S+2n4+3H2S4===2nS4+2S4+S+8H2
3H2S+2r27+4H2S4===r2(S4)3+2S4+3S+7H2
H2S+4Na22+2H2===Na2S4+6NaH
2NH3+3u===3u+N2+3H2
2NH3+3l2===N2+6Hl
8NH3+3l2===N2+6NH4l
4NH3+32(纯氧)===2N2+6H2
4NH3+2===4N+6H2
4NH3+6N===N2+6H(用氨清除N)
NaH+H2===NaH+H2
4NaH+Til4===Ti+4Nal+2H2
aH2+2H2===a(H)2+2H2
2,酸性:
4HF+Si2===SiF4+2H2
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中Si2的含量)
2HF+al2===aF2+2Hl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2
H2S+ul2===uS+2Hl
H2S+2AgN3===Ag2S+2HN3
H2S+Hgl2===HgS+2Hl
H2S+Pb(N3)2===PbS+2HN3
H2S+Fel2===
2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2
(NaNH2+H2===NaH+NH3)
3,碱性:
NH3+Hl===NH4l
NH3+HN3===NH4N3
2NH3+H2S4===(NH4)2S4
NH3+Nal+H2+2===NaH3+NH4l
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4,不稳定性:
2HF===H2+F2
2Hl===H2+l2
2H2===2H2+2
2H22===2H2+2
H2S===H2+S
2NH3===N2+3H2
四,非金属氧化物
低价态的还原性:
2S2+2===2S3
2S2+2+2H2===2H2S4
(这是S2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
S2+l2+2H2===H2S4+2Hl
S2+Br2+2H2===H2S4+2HBr
S2+I2+2H2===H2S4+2HI
S2+N2===S3+N
2N+2===2N2
N+N2+2NaH===2NaN2
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的N和N2)
2+2===22
+u===u+2
3+Fe23===2Fe+32
+H2===2+H2
氧化性:
S2+2H2S===3S+2H2
S3+2I===2S3+I2
N2+2I+H2===N+I2+2H
(不能用淀粉I溶液鉴别溴蒸气和N2)
4N2+H2S===4N+S3+H2
2N2+u===4u+N2
2+2g===2g+
(2不能用于扑灭由g,a,Ba,Na,等燃烧的火灾)
Si2+2H2===Si+2H2
Si2+2g===2g+Si
3,与水的作用:
S2+H2===H2S3
S3+H2===H2S4
3N2+H2===2HN3+N
N2+H2===2HN3
P2+H2===2HP3
P2+3H2===2H3P4
(P2极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂
P2+3H2S4(浓)===2H3P4+3S3)
2+H2===H23
4,与碱性物质的作用:
S2+2NH3+H2===(NH4)2S3
S2+(NH4)2S3+H2===2NH4HS3
(这是硫酸厂回收S2的反应先用氨水吸收S2,
再用H2S4处理:
2NH4HS3+H2S4===(NH4)2S4+2H2+2S2
生成的硫酸铵作化肥,S2循环作原料气)
S2+a(H)2===aS3+H2
(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别S2和2可用品红鉴别)
S3+g===gS4
S3+a(H)2===aS4+H2
2+2NaH(过量)===Na23+H2
2(过量)+NaH===NaH3
2+a(H)2(过量)===a3+H2
22(过量)+a(H)2===a(H3)2
2+2NaAl2+3H2===2Al(H)3+Na23
2+6HNa+H2===6HH+NaH3
Si2+a===aSi3
Si2+2NaH===Na2Si3+H2
(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)
Si2+Na23===Na2Si3+2
Si2+a3===aSi3+2
五,金属氧化物
1,低价态的还原性:
6Fe+2===2Fe34
Fe+4HN3===Fe(N3)3+N2+2H2
2,氧化性:
Na22+2Na===2Na2
(此反应用于制备Na2)
g,Al23几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为g,Al
一般通过电解制g和Al
Fe23+3H2===2Fe+3H2(制还原铁粉)
Fe34+4H2===3Fe+4H2
3,与水的作用:
Na2+H2===2NaH
2Na22+2H2===4NaH+2
(此反应分两步:
Na22+2H2===2NaH+H22;
2H22===2H2+2H22的制备可利用类似的反应:
Ba2+H2S4(稀)===BaS4+H22)
g+H2===g(H)2(缓慢反应)
4,与酸性物质的作用:
Na2+S3===Na2S4
Na2+2===Na23
Na2+2Hl===2Nal+H2
2Na22+22===2Na23+2
Na22+H2S4(冷,稀)===Na2S4+H22
g+S3===gS4
g+H2S4===gS4+H2
Al23+3H2S4===Al2(S4)3+3H2
(Al23是两性氧化物:
Al23+2NaH===2NaAl2+H2)
Fe+2Hl===Fel2+3H2
Fe23+6Hl===2Fel3+3H2
Fe23+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2
Fe34+8Hl===Fel2+2Fel3+4H2
六,含氧酸
1,氧化性:
4Hl3+3H2S===3H2S4+4Hl
Hl3+HI===HI3+Hl
3Hl+HI===HI3+3Hl
Hl+H2S3===H2S4+Hl
Hl+H22===Hl+H2+2
(氧化性:
Hl>Hl2>Hl3>Hl4,
但浓,热的Hl4氧化性很强)
2H2S4(浓)+===2+2S2+2H2
2H2S4(浓)+S===3S2+2H2
H2S4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化
6H2S4(浓)+2Fe===Fe2(S4)3+3S2+6H2
2H2S4(浓)+u===uS4+S2+2H2
H2S4(浓)+2HBr===S2+Br2+2H2
H2S4(浓)+2HI===S2+I2+2H2
H2S4(稀)+Fe===FeS4+H2
2H2S3+2H2S===3S+2H2
4HN3(浓)+===2+4N2+2H2
6HN3(浓)+S===H2S4+6N2+2H2
HN3(浓)+P===H3P4+N2+H2
6HN3+Fe===Fe(N3)3+3N2+3H2
4HN3+Fe===Fe(N3)3+N+2H2
30HN3+8Fe===8Fe(N3)3+3N2+1H2
36HN3+10Fe===10Fe(N3)3+3N2+18H2
30HN3+8Fe===8Fe(N3)3+3NH4N3+9H2
2,还原性:
H2S3+X2+H2===H2S4+2HX
(X表示l2,Br2,I2)
2H2S3+2===2H2S4
H2S3+H22===H2S4+H2
H2S3+2n4===2nS4+2S4+2H2S4+3H2
H2S3+2Fel3+H2===H2S4+2Fel2+2Hl
3,酸性:
H2S4(浓)+aF2===aS4+2HF
H2S4(浓)+Nal===NaHS4+Hl
H2S4(浓)+2Nal===Na2S4+2Hl
H2S4(浓)+NaN3===NaHS4+HN3
3H2S4(浓)+a3(P4)2===3aS4+2H3P4
2H2S4(浓)+a3(P4)2===2aS4+a(H2P4)2
3HN3+Ag3P4===H3P4+3AgN3
2HN3+a3===a(N3)2+H2+2
(用HN3和浓H2S4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,(S2)
等还原性气体)
4H3P4+a3(P4)2===3a(H2P4)2(重钙)
H3P4(浓)+NaBr===NaH2P4+HBr
H3P4(浓)+NaI===NaH2P4+HI
4,不稳定性:
2Hl===2Hl+2
4HN3===4N2+2+2H2
H2S3===H2+S2
H23===H2+2
H4Si4===H2Si3+H2
七,碱
低价态的还原性:
4Fe(H)2+2+2H2===4Fe(H)3
与酸性物质的作用:
2NaH+S2(少量)===Na2S3+H2
NaH+S2(足量)===NaHS3
2NaH+Si2===NaSi3+H2
2NaH+Al23===2NaAl2+H2
2NaH+l2===Nal+Nal+H2
NaH+Hl===Nal+H2
NaH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2
2NaH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2
3NaH+All3===Al(H)3+3Nal
NaH+Al(H)3===NaAl2+2H2
(All3和Al(H)3哪个酸性强?
)
NaH+NH4l===Nal+NH3+H2
g(H)2+2NH4l===gl2+2NH3H2
Al(H)3+NH4l不溶解
3,不稳定性:
g(H)2===g+H2
2Al(H)3===Al23+3H2
2Fe(H)3===Fe23+3H2
u(H)2===u+H2
八,盐
1,氧化性:
2Fel3+Fe===3Fel2
2Fel3+u===2Fel2+ul2
(用于雕刻铜线路版)
2Fel3+Zn===2Fel2+Znl2
Fel3+Ag===Fel2+Ag
Fe2(S4)3+2Ag===FeS4+Ag2S4(较难反应)
Fe(N3)3+Ag不反应
2Fel3+H2S===2Fel2+2Hl+S
2Fel3+2I===2Fel2+2l+I2
Fel2+g===Fe+gl2
2,还原性:
2Fel2+l2===2Fel3
3Na2S+8HN3(稀)===6NaN3+2N+3S+4H2
3Na2S3+2HN3(稀)===3Na2S4+2N+H2
2Na2S3+2===2Na2S4
3,与碱性物质的作用:
gl2+2NH3H2===g(H)2+NH4l
All3+3NH3H2===Al(H)3+3NH4l
Fel3+3NH3H2===Fe(H)3+3NH4l
4,与酸性物质的作用:
Na3P4+Hl===Na2HP4+Nal
Na2HP4+Hl===NaH2P4+Nal
NaH2P4+Hl===H3P4+Nal
Na23+Hl===NaH3+Nal
NaH3+Hl===Nal+H2+2
3Na23+2All3+3H2===2Al(H)3+32+6Nal
3Na23+2Fel3+3H2===2Fe(H)3+32+6Nal
3NaH3+All3===Al(H)3+32
3NaH3+Fel3===Fe(H)3+32
3Na2S+Al2(S4)3+6H2===2Al(H)3+3H2S
3NaAl2+All3+6H2===4Al(H)3
不稳定性:
Na2S23+H2S4===Na2S4+S+S2+H2
NH4l===NH3+Hl
NH4H3===NH3+H2+2
2N3===2N2+2
2u(N3)3===2u+4N2+2
2n4===2n4+n2+2
2l3===2l+32
2NaH3===Na23+H2+2
a(H3)2===a3+H2+2
a3===a+2
g3===g+2
H3H2H→H2=H2+H2浓硫酸,170度
H2=H2+Br2→H2BrH2Br
H2=H2+H2→H3H2H催化剂
a2+2H2→H≡H↑+a(H)2
H≡H+Br2→HBr=HBr
H≡H+Hl→H2=Hl催,加热
6H6+Br2→6HBr+HBr催
6H6+H-N2→6H6N2+H2浓硫酸,加热
6H6+3H2→6H12催,加热
6H-H3+3H-N2→三硝基甲苯+3H2浓硫酸,加热
2HBr+H2→2HH+HBrNaH,加热
H3H2Br+NaH→H2=H2↑+NaBr+H2醇,加热
2H3H2H+2Na→2H3H2Na+H2↑
2H3H2H+2→2H3H+2H2催,加热
6HH+NaH→6HNa+H2
6HNa+2+H2→6HH+NaH3
6HH+3Br2→三溴苯酚↓+3HBr
H3H+H2→H3H2H催,加热
2H3H+2→2H3H催,加热
H3H+2Ag(NH3)2H→H2+2Ag↓+3NH3+H3NH4水浴加热
2H3H+u(H)2→2H3H+u2↓+H2煮沸
H3H+2HH→2H32H+H2可逆,浓硫酸,加热
H32H+NaH→H3Na+2HH