英文写作文章的构建模式.docx
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英文写作文章的构建模式
英文写作文章的构建模式
武侠小说里的大侠常常武功盖世,“小李飞刀”的“刀”已出神入化,但也是源于最初的基本套路;现代化的高楼大厦可以风格迥异,却也都是构建于最基本的建筑结构之上。
英语写作也不例外,写好它,有一套常规整体构建模式。
今天我们就奉献给大家一盘“丰盛的大餐”,花8分钟认真地读完它,你可能会提高2-3分,花15分钟仔细地研究一番,那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分档啦!
好吧,现在就开始行动吧!
英语写作一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段和一个结尾段。
开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。
各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。
一、开头段
开头段一定要语言精练,并且直接切入主题。
开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨,具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。
一般在开头段写四、五句即可。
开头段的作用:
概括陈述主题,提出观点或论点,表明
写作意图
【写作要点】
写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:
1)开头偏离主题太远;
2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句;
3)内容不具体,言之无物;
4)使用不言自明的陈述。
【方法例释】
写作文时,好多考生也是觉得开头难,其实,写开头段有多种表达方法,如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法,等等,下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法
1.主题句法:
开篇点明主题,用主题句,然后围绕主题内容进行发展。
例如:
Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone?
scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage.
2.提问法:
提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题,然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。
例如:
Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?
Money?
Promotions?
Interestingchallenges?
Continuallearning?
Work?
basedfriendships?
Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?
Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidesmorethanmaterialthings.
3.弓I语法:
使用引语(useaquotation):
使用一段名人名言,或人们常用的谚语、习语,以确定文章的写作范围和方向。
例如:
“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronce
remarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.
4.数据法:
使用具体详实的数字或数据,然后作出概括性分析,指明问题的症结所在。
例如:
Inthepast5years,therehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in2003,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavenobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1993levelof8percent.
5.背景法:
给出背景,描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等,例如:
OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashasapricetosaveher
drowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.
6.定义法:
针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义,然后进行深入探讨。
例如:
Itisbutastepfromthesublimetotheridiculous.
从崇高到荒谬只有一步之遥。
Flexibilityisdefinedasbeingadaptabletochange.Inthecourseofyourlifetime,itisessentialthatyoulearntobendandflexaroundeverynewcircumstance,asrigiditydeprivesyouoftheopportunitytoseenewpossibilities.Paradigmschangeovertime,andsomustyou.Yourcompanymayrestructure,andyouwillhavetosurvive.Yourspousemaychoosetoleavethemarriage,andyouwillhavetocope.Technologywillcontinuetoadvanceandchange,andyoumustconstantlylearnandadaptorriskbecomingadinosaur.Flexibilityallowsyoutobereadyforwhatevercurveliesaheadinlifeinsteadofgettingblindsidedbyit.
他山之石】
开头段常用核心句型
开头段的常用核心句型,选一选适合你自己的“武器”:
1)Thearguermayberightabout...,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat
2)Contrarytogenerallyacceptedviews,Iarguethat
3)Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument,butit
ignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat
4)Itistruethat...,butthisisnottosaythat
5)Themain/obviousproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisblindtothebasicfactthat
6)Itwouldbenatural/reasonabletothinkthat...,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat
7)Inallthediscussionanddebateover...,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked/neglected.
8)Thereisabsolutelynoreasonforustobelievethat
9)Toassumethat...isfarfrombeingproved.
10)Acloseinspectionofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless)itis.
11)Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),itmayseemanattractiveidea,butonsecondthought,wefindthat
Toomuchemphasisplacedon...mayobscureotherfacts
13)Theproblem/factisthat
14)Howeverlogicalthisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.
15)AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat
16)AlthoughIappreciatethat...,Icannotagreewith
17)Thosewhoobjectto...arguethatBut
peoplewhofavor...,ontheotherhand,arguethat
18)Currently,thereisageneralconcernover
19)NowitiswidelyacknowledgedthatButI
wonderwhether
20)Thesedaysweoftenhearabout...,butisthisreallythecase?
Ordinarypeoplethinkmerelyofhowtheywillspendtime,amanofintellecttriestouseit.
常人只想如何消磨时间,智者则努力利用时间。
二、中间段
中间段是文章的正文,其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题
进行具体和详实的解释和论证。
中间段的篇幅一般比开头段
和结尾段长,每段有相应的主题句,说明主题思想的扩展句
可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。
不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。
【写作要点】
中间段的具体写作要点如下:
1)所涉及内容应该准确、清楚,颇具说服力;
2)段落中一定具备主题句;
3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一,没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节;
4)内容顺序安排合理,逻辑性较强;
5)段落之间连贯自然;
6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明,材料比例适当;
7)词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
【方法例释】
正如我们在第七天和第八天中所介绍的,段落展开的基本方法很多,这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法:
列举法、因果法、例证法。
1.列举法:
用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等,使文章层次分明,眉清目秀,阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下,看到这样的文章,往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉,手一抬,分就高。
下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”,脉络一目了然。
例文如下:
Thereareanumberofwaysforustokeepfit.First,nomatterhowbusyweare,weshouldhaveexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,itisimportanttokeepgoodhours.Forexample,ifweareinthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly,wecanavoidoverworkingourselvesandgetenoughsleep.Finally,entertainmentisalsonecessarysothatwemayhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.Ifwefollowthoseinstructions,wewillcertainlybeingoodhealth.
2.因果法:
说明原因,论述事理。
下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”,第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢?
”接下来在说原因时,用到了上面的列举法,只不过不是“first,second,finally而是”“first,then,besidesthat,让人感觉不落俗套。
例文如下:
Angerbeginswithfolly,endsinrepentance.
愤怒以愚蠢开始,以后悔告终。
ThehamburgeristhemostpopularfooditemintheUnitedStates.EveryyearAmericansconsumebillionsofthem.Theyaresoldinexpensiverestaurantsandinhumblediners.Theyarecookedathomeonthekitchenstoveoroverabarbecuegrillinthebackyard.Whyaretheysopopular?
First,ahamburgerisextremelyeasytoprepare.Itisnothingmorethanapieceofgroundbeef,cookedforafewminutes.Thenitisplacedinaslicedbun.Nothingcouldbesimpler.Evenanunskilledcookcanturnouthundredsoftheminanhour.Besidesthat,thesimplehamburgercanbevariedinmanyways.Youcanmeltsomecheeseontopofthebeefto
createacheeseburger.
3.例证法:
举具体的事例来证明观点,这是议论文最常用的方法,尽量找最能体现观点的例子,具体点,微观点,给人说服力。
请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点,用的是拳击运动的例子。
例文如下:
Thesaying“Nopains,nogains”isuniversallyacceptedbecauseoftheplainyetphilosophicalmoralteaches:
ifonewantstoachievesomething,hehastoworkandtoleratemorethanothers.Thesayingistrueofanypursuitmanseeks.Acaseinpointisboxing.Whileweheapcheersonthewinner,fewhappentoimaginethathisgoldbeltiswonatthecostofhissweat,tears,blood,evenlifeoveryearsbeforethearrivalofthatexcitingmoment.
【他山之石】
中间段常用核心句型中间段的常用核心句型,同样是20句,任你选!
1)Thechangein...mainlyresultsfrom
2)Theincreasein...isduetothefactthat
3)Manypeoplewouldclaimthat
4)Oneofthereasonsgivenfor...isthatWhatisalso
worthnoticingisthat
5)Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthis
dramaticgrowthinFirst,...Second,...Finally,...
6)Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat
7)Whyare(is/do/did)...?
Foronething,For
another,
8)Therearenumerousreasonswhy...,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.
10)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto)thechangein
11)Withthedevelopmentof...,vastchangesawaitsthiscountry?
ssociety.
12)Historyisfilledwiththeexamplesof
13)Thestoryisnotrare(isolated/unique),itisoneofmanyexamples.
14)Asisshowninthetablereleasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearnedthat
15)Thereis(no)goodevidenceto
16)Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat
17)Noonecandeny(brushaside)thefactthat
18)Experience(Evidence)suggeststhat
Alllayloadonthewillinghorse.
人善被人欺,马善被人骑。
20)Asthesayinggoes,
三、结尾段
【方法例释】
结尾段要干脆利落,深化主题。
结尾段的写作方法很多,常用的有如下四种:
1.总结归纳:
简要总结归纳文章要点,以便深化主题印象。
例如:
Inconclusion,Iwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon?
bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeing
offered.
2.重申主题:
再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。
例如:
Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman?
senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.
3.预测展望:
立足当前,放眼未来。
例如:
Itistimethatthegovernmentshouldspeakoutagainstcorruptionandtakestrongactiontopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpresentofficialcorruption,ifpermittedtocontinue,willnotonlytarnishthegovernment?
spopularity,butleadtoitsultimatedownfall.
4.提出建议:
提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。
例如:
Collegeathleticsplayssuchavitalrolethatitdeservescloseattentionandpersistenteffort.Itissuggestedthatphysicaltrainingshouldberegardedasarequiredcoursewedgedintocollegecurricula,howevercrowdeditmaybe,andthatafairshareofcollegebudgetshouldbedevotedtoathleticprograms.Wesincerelyhopethathissuggestionwillbeacommitmentthatallcollegesanduniversitieswilltakeup.
【他山之石】
结尾段的常用核心句型
Hewhocommencesman