四六级强化材料4.docx

四六级强化材料4.docx

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四六级强化材料4

ModelTest4

PartⅠWriting（30minutes）

　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledAHarmoniousSocietyinMyMind.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.DescribethechangesinthenumberofstudentsattendinggraduateentranceexamsinUniversityXinthepastdecade.

2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges.

3.Stateyourownchoice.

PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-4,mark

　　Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

　　N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

　　NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestion5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TheNextDisaster:

AreWeReady?

　　AreWeReallyPrepared?

　　AftertheattacksonSeptember11andthehurricanesthatslammedtheGulfCoastlastyear,you'dexpectourmajorcitiestobereadywithdisasterplansthatwillsavelivesandproperty.There'snodoubtwe'llbehitagain—maybeevenharder—becausethelistofpossiblecalamities（灾难）islong:

fromabirdflupandemictoamassiveCaliforniaearthquake,tomoremonsterstorms,toanotherterroristattack.

　　Butarewereallypreparedtoprotectpeople,aswellastheirhomesandbusinesses?

Everymajorurbanareahasreceivedfederalfunding,muchofitfromtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity（DHS）,inordertomaketheircitiesmoresecure.Buttherearenosetcriteriaformeasuringpreparedness（thefedsareworkingonthat）,andthequalityofdisasterplansvarieswidelythroughoutthecountry.

　　Sowedecidedtodoanindependentassessmentof10high-riskurbanareas,focusingonkeysecurityindicators.Weanalyzedpublicdata,consultedwithfederalandlocalemergencyworkers,andcontactedthemayors'officestogauge（测量）thereadinessofthesecitiestomeetbothnaturalandman-madedisasters.

　　Ourcriteriafellunderthreemaincategories:

EmergencyReadiness,CrisisCommunications,andMedicalResponse.

　　EmergencyReadiness

　　Arethereatleast1,000firstresponders（suchaspolice,fireandEMTs）per100,000residents?

They'reourfirstlineofprotectioninalmostanydisastersituation—professionalswhoaretrainedtohandleeverythingfromrescuingvictimstoprovidingfirstaid,toenforcingquarantines（封锁）,todirectingtrafficforevacuations（疏散）.

　　Aretherefederalsearch-and-rescueteamsbasedwithin50miles?

Largecitiesoftenhavespecializedteamstodealwithsuchthingsashigh-rise-buildingrescuesorhazardouschemicalspills.Butthesesquadsaresometimessmall,ill-equipped,orrunonashoestring.Thisisnottrueoffederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforcesthattheDHSsupportsacrossthecountry.Eachtaskforceismadeof62membersand4canines,aswellasa"comprehensivecache"ofequipment.DHStaskforcesarenotautomaticallyassigned;acityneedstoapplyandpresentitscase.

　　Hasthecityorstateearned"greenstatus"fromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention?

Supposethatinthemidstofaflupandemicorbioterrorattack,yourcityranlowoncriticalmedicines.TheCDCstandsreadytohelpbydistributingdrugsandmedicalequipmentfromitsStrategicNationalStockpile.Buttheagencywantstoknowthatacityorstateisabletoquicklymobilizehundredsofhealthworkersandvolunteerstrainedtohandlethelogistics,andhasspacesetasideforstorageandrefrigeration.You'rebestoffifyourcityhasearnedtheCDC's"greenstatus"—evenifthestateitselfhasnot—becauseitmeanslocalhealthteamscanhandlethesuppliesontheirown.

　　Doesthecitywebsiteexplainclearlywhattodoincaseofevacuation?

WhocanforgettheimagesofstrandedNewOrleansresidents,orthe5-mphcrawloutofHouston?

ItturnedoutthatNewOrleans'sevacuationplanswerebothinadequateandpoorlycommunicated.Onewaycitiescanavoidasimilarnightmareistoputclearandeasy-to-findevacuationinformationontheirwebsites.Somecities,suchasBostonandWashington,postthepreferredstreetroutes.Others,likeLasVegas,won'tdisclosedetailsduetosecurityfears,buttheirwebsitesmayprovidewaystoquicklygetevacuationdetailswhenyouneedthem（suchasnumberstocalloralertservicesyoucansignupfor）.Amongthemoreimportantthingstoaddressarepeoplewithoutvehiclesoftheirown（ahugefailinginNewOrleans）andinstructionsforpetowners.

　　Doesthewebsiteincludedetailsforresidentswithspecialneeds?

InJuly1995,aviciousheatwavekillednearly500peopleinChicago;adisproportionatenumberofthemwereolderresidentswholivedalone.Inanycrisis,theelderlyanddisabledcanbeuniquelyvulnerable.That'swhycitiessuchasHoustonarecreatingregistriesofresidentswhowouldneedspecialhelp.Suchlistswouldindicate,forinstance,thatacertainpersoninacertainapartmentbuildingiswheel-chair-bound.Othercitiesareinstructingpeoplewithdisabilitiestocall911forassistance—thoughthisreliesonphonesystemsthatcouldbeoverloadedorgodead.Ifacity'sdisasterplanningshowsnoawarenessofspecial-needspeople,itisn'tcomplete.

　　CrisisCommunications

　　Canfirstresponders—police,fireandmedical—talktooneanother?

OnSeptember11,firefightersdiedinsidetheWorldTradeCenterbecausetheycouldnotmakecontactwithpolicehelicopterstryingtoradiowarnings.Incompatiblecommunicationsisacountry-wideproblem,andconvertingorreplacingdecades-oldradiosystemscanbealong,expensiveprocess.Citieshavegottenabigboostifthey'vetakenpartinRapidCom,aDHSprogramprovidingtechnicalassistanceandtrainingthatspeedsupthetransition.

　　HasthecityadoptedE911?

Manycitieshaveupgradedtheir911callcentersinrecentyears,butthey'reevenbetterpreparedifthey'veincorporated"E911"（or"enhanced911"）.Thistechnologyenablesemergencyoperatorstoidentifythepreciselocationofcell-phonecallersthroughGPSsystems.Ifyouwindupstrandedinfloodwaters,E911couldsaveyourlife.

　　Doesthecityprovide24-houremergencyalerts?

Whatifanevacuationordergoesout,butit's3a.m.andyou'resoundasleep?

Notaproblemifyourcityhasawayofalertingyouatanytimeofday.Somerelyonstreetsirens（警报器）todothetrick.Othershaveusedtheirwebsitestoinviteresidentstosignupfore-mailnotificationsorautomatedphonecallsinanemergency.

　　MedicalResponse

　　Arethereatleast500hospitalbedsforevery100,000residents?

Gettingtovictimsquicklyisacriticalfirststep.Butyou'dbetterhaveaplacetotakethemfortreatment.Areasonablestandard,accordingtopreparednessexperts,is500hospitalbedsforevery100,000people—aratiothatwouldlikelymeanacitycouldfindenoughsparebedsinanemergency.Ofcourse,bedsalonewon'tshelpamassivenumberofburnvictimsorpeoplesufferingfromchemicalexposureunlessthehospitalispreparedtotreatthem.Butallthecitiesinoursurveyhavespecialtyunitsintheirhospitalsthatcanhandlesuchcases.

　　Arelocalteamstrainedtorespondquicklyandworktogether?

Ifandurbanareawastargetedbyweaponsofmassdestruction,cityhealthofficialscouldn'tjustwaitforfederalhelptoarrive.Firstrespondersandhospitalwouldneedtoreactrightaway.Theycouldalsoneedmedicalvolunteers—say,tohelpvaccinatepeopleordistributemedicinesandsupplies.Howtoensurethatalltheseprofessionalsandvolunteersworktogetherasseamlesslyaspossible?

IfacityispartofDHS'sMetropolitanMedicalResponseSystem,ithasobtainedfederalassistanceindevelopingplans,andhasreceivedcriticaltrainingandequipment.

　　Aretherelabsnearbythatspecializeinbiologicalandchemicalthreats?

TheCDCisonthecuttingedgewithitsLaboratoryResponseNetwork—integratedlabsnationwidethathavetheequipmentandexpertisetoquicklyidentifypathogensandtoxicchemicals.AnLRNlabinFloridawasthefirsttodetectanthrax（炭疽热）interroristmailingsin2001.Laboratoriescanbemembersonlyiftheyhavehighlytrainedstaffandexceptionalfacilities,aswellastrackrecordoftestingaccuracy.AhandfulofLRNlabsqualifyas"Level1",meaningtheycantestforchemicalpoisonssuchasmustardandnerveagents.

　　1.Abirdflu,amassiveearthquake,amonsterstormandaterroristattackareallthreatstomajorcitiesintheU.S.

　　2.Theauthordoesanassessmentofallhigh-riskurbanareasintheU.S.

　　3.Policemen,firemenandemergencydoctorsallcanbecalledfirstresponders.

　　4.Eachfederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforceismadeupofatleast60members.

　　5.IfacityhasearnedtheCDC'sgreenstatus"greenstatus",itmeansthatitslocalhealthteamscan________ontheirown.

　　6.YoucangetevacuationdetailsthroughthewaysprovidedbythewebsiteofLasVegasthoughitdoesn'tdisclosethedetailsdueto________.

　　7.Incompatiblecommunicationsisacountry-wideproblemintheU.S.becauseofthe________whichshouldbeconvertedorreplaced.

　　8.Emergencyoperatorscanidentifythepreciselocationofcell-phonecallersthroughGPSsystemswiththeuseof________.

　　9.Accordingtopreparednessexperts,ifacityhasatleast500hospitalbedsforevery100,000residents,itcouldfind________inanemergency.

10.AsapartofDHS'sMetropolitanMedicalResponseSystem,acitycanobtain________indevelopingplans

PartIListeningcomprehension（20minutes）

SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversation