高考语篇微观语言规律总结.docx

高考语篇微观语言规律总结.docx

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高考语篇微观语言规律总结

语篇的微观语言规律总结—篇章中出现20种重要语言现象

Thesummaryof20kindsofimportantsentencestructure

第一部分句子

例1：

Iamtired.

例2：

Pressingone’spalmtogetherandrestingone’sheadonthebackofone’shandwhileclosingtheeyesasifsleepingmeans“Iamtired.”

一、句子结构特点

确定文章的主题思想后，分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证（opinionandfact）、原因与结果（causeandeffect）、主观点与次观点（mainideaandsupportingidea）

（一）14种逻辑关系

完形填空

阅读：

信息的判断与侧重

1、表“并列关系”句子结构：

AandB

◆标志：

（1）常规—and,another;both…and,either…or,neither…nor,aswellas;

（2）拓展—并列连词（并列、选择、递进、因果、转折）与祈使句型、改错应用：

but,or,and,so的转换

◆功能：

信息对称，呼应与一致性

◆应用：

适合所有题型

例1：

类型并列—Asfortoday’sadults,ifthenewtaxdrivesthemtoquit,theywillhavemoretospendontheirfamilies,

cuttheirriskofcancerandheartdiseaseandfeelbetter.

例2：

类型并列—Thispositionisperfectforapersonwhoischeerful,dependable,andpleasanttoworkwith.

例3：

类型并列—Myearliestmemoriesofmyfatherareatall,handsome,successfulmandevotedtohisworkandhis

family,butuncomfortablewithhischildren.AsachildIlovedhim;asaschoolgirlandyoungadultIfearedhimandfeltbitterabouthim.

例4：

承接并列—Athighschool,hebecameveryinterestedincomputerprogrammingandaftergraduatingfromTuftUniversityin1988,heworkedforthenextfewyearsasacomputerengineer.

例5：

承接并列—Obviously,mostofthedevicesonthemarkethaveneverbeenthesubjectofcourtproceedings（法律诉讼）,andnewdevicesappearcontinually.Beforebuying,itisuptotheconsumertojudgethesafetyoreffectivenessofsuchitems.

例6：

类承混合—Youcanhavesuchbooksashistorybooks,sciencetextbook,cookbooks,andcollectionsofstoriesandpoems.Thenfromtimetotimeyoucantakeabookofpoemsoffyourshelvesandreadthethoughtsandfeelingsofyourfavoritepoets.

例7：

祈使并列—Ifyoustudyhard,youwillmakerapidprogress.→studyhardandyou’llmakerapidprogress.

例8：

搭配并列—Whenyouclimb,bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.

例9：

搭配并列—Onebigdisadvantageismoney—Itcostssomuchtogoout,nottomentionbasicslikefoodandhousing.Anotherdisadvantageispollution.

例10：

选择并列—Apaperback（平装本）collectionofshortstories,forexample,isalwayscheaperthananeveningatthe

cinemaorthetheater,andyoucankeepabookforeverandreaditmanytimes.

2、表“递进关系”句子结构：

AevenB

◆标志：

（1）常规—notonlyAbutalsoB,also,AevenB,then,what’smore,inaddition,besides,too

（2）拓展—阅读7选5与写作（并列—递进—结论）

◆功能：

信息层进，形式上依然是并列关系

◆应用：

适合阅读新题型与写作

例1：

标志递进—Insomecases,modernEnglishalsoshowsadistinction（区别）betweenupper-classFrenchand

lower-classAnglo-Saxoninitswords.

例2：

标志递进—Hehasneverlookedback.Eveninthecrashesofthelate1990s,eBayhasgonefromstrengthto

strength.

例3：

标志递进—Thisnotonlyfreesupthelinesothatotherfamilymemberscanmakeandreceivecalls,butteachesyourteenagermoderation（节制）

例4：

标志递进—Also,youshouldbeabletowelcomeguests,redirectphonecall,andtakemessages.Moreimportantly,

youcanstaycoolunderpressure.

例5：

标志递进—Deliveringnaturallevelsofsweetnessinthemouth……Innutrition（营养）itwasallgoodnewstoo.

例6：

分类递进—Unfortunately,thishappenedduringthemorningrushhour.Manypeoplewhoweregoingtoworkwereforcedtogohome.Somebattledtocallataxiortogetonabus.Stillothersfacedthestormbravely,walkingmilestogettowork.

例7：

语义递进—Obviously,mostofthedevicesonthemarkethaveneverbeenthesubjectofcourtproceedings（法律诉讼）,andnewdevicesappearcontinually.Beforebuying,itisuptotheconsumertojudgethesafetyoreffectivenessofsuchitems.

例8：

时间递进—Ihappenedtobeoneofthepeopleonthewaytoworkthatmorning.…onlytofindthatmostservice….aftermakingmyway…finallyfound….Iwouldliketothankallofyouwhomadetheeffortandfinallyreportedtowork.

例9：

逻辑递进—Ofcoursethereareadvantages.First,thereissomuchtodointhecity,whateveryoutastesincultureorentertainment.Besides,therearewonderfuljobsandgreaterchancesofmovingtoamoreimportantjoborposition.Finally,ifyoulikeshopping,thevarietyofgoodsisverysurprising---and,whatismore,shopsareoftenonlyashortwalkaway.

例10：

语气递进—asyougetolder,andespeciallyifyouhavesmallchildren,thepeaceofthecountrysidemayseempreferable.Icertainlyhopetomovebacktheresoon.

3、表“转折关系”句子结构：

AbutB

◆标志：

（1）常规—but,however,andyet,infact（actually）,indeed,practically

（2）拓展—but”除了之外”（与besides,except区别），not…but不是…而是

◆功能：

信息侧重，成分之间依然是对应关系

◆应用：

适合所有题型

例1：

让步转折—Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.

例2：

事实转折—ItwasalwaysthoughtthatTreasureIslandwastheproductofRobertLouisStevenson’simagination.However,recentresearchhasfoundthetruestoryofthisexcitingwork.

例3：

事实转折—Unfortunately,computingwasnotpartofourstudiesatschool,ButIhadbeenstudyingitinbooksandmagazinesforfouryearsinmysparetime

例4：

事实转折—Anewbug（病毒）maybekindatfirst.Butitmaydevelopintosomethingharmful（有害的）Monkey-poxdoesn’tlookamajorinfectiousdiseaseButisnotimpossibletopassthediseasefrompersontoperson

例5：

事实转折—Thenumberofmarriedwomenwhowanttocontinueworkingbecausetheyenjoytheirjobs.However,iftheywanttohavechildren,theyimmediatelyhaveseriousproblems.Thoughmostcompaniesallowwomentoleavetheirjobsforashorttimetohaveababy,theyexpectwomenwithbabiestogiveuptheirjobs.

例6：

递进转折—Ofcourse,thegoodofoxenisnotlimitedtoplowing.Infact,theyareseenas"boatsonland"fortheir

abilitytocarryloads.

例7：

变化转折—Robertsuddenlysawsomethingofanadventurestoryintheboy’spicture.

例8：

对比转折—Mostofthemrunfromonesideofthestreettotheother,justundertheasphaltroad.Some,however,divedeepintotheground.

例9：

对比转折—Cuttinglargesectionsofrainforestsmayprovideagoodsupplyofwoodrightnow，butinthelongrunitactuallyreducestheworld’swoodsupply．

例10：

对比转折—Garth’semailwasshort,butIlearnedmorefromthatbriefmessagethanIeverdidfromatextbook.Theemailtaughtmethatafewwordsofappreciationcanmakeabigdifference.Therainstormandthetraffictroubleshadmademetiedandupset.ButGarth’swordsimmediatelyrefreshedmeandputasmilebackonmyface.

4、表“对比关系”句子结构：

AunlikeB

◆标志：

（1）常规—事实对比：

对比（but,while,instead,otherwise,still,（would）rather）

类比（same,like,unlike,compare,bycomparison,incontrastto,similar,similarly）

变化（change,different,differfrom；或happen,sudden）

（2）拓展—时间对比：

today,once,now,new,nowadays,current,until,recently,past,in1950’s

◆功能：

信息对照，成分之间依然是对应关系

◆应用：

所有题型

例1：

Doctorshavefoundthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,whilethe“apples”havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

例2：

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.

例3：

Differentfromtheothers,heisgoodatswimming.

例4：

Butit’satwo-waystreet,IjustheardaboutathousandShenzhenofficeworkerswhohavegonetoRangaloretotraininsoftware.Meanwhile,alltheITmajorsaresettingupastrongpresenceinChina.

例5：

ThatchangebecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.

例6：

ComputerprogrammerDavidJonesearns$35.000ayeardesigningnewcomputergames,yethecannotfindabankreadytolethimhaveacreditcard（信用卡）.Instead,hehasbeentoldtowaitanothertwoyears,untilheis18.

例7：

InNewYork,highschoolsmokinghitanewlowinthelatestsurveys—13.8%,farbelowthenationalaverage.Bycomparison,26%ofhighschoolstudentssmokeinKentucky.Otherlow-taxstateshavesimilarlydepressingteen-smokingrecords.

例8：

Whileallmyclassmatesseentobecrazyaboutaone-waytickettoMars（火星）,I’drathersayMarsistotally

unsuitableforhumanexistence.

例9：

Rainforestsareoftencalledtheworld’sdrugstore．Morethan25％ofthemedicinesweusetodaycomefromplants

inrainforests．However，fewerthanl％ofrainforestplantshavebeenexaminedfortheirmedicalvalue．

例10：

时间对比—Inthepast,oxenplayedanimportantroleinthespirituallifeoftheChinese.Eventoday,oxenstillplayaspecialpartinsomefolkactivities.

5、表“比较关系”句子结构：

AonlyB

◆标志：

（1）常规—①最高级：

顺序最高级（first,last）,

频率最高级（always,never,all,every,any,each,none）,

程度最高级（重要性：

most,least,-est,chiefly,prime,havemuchtodowith）②比较级：

morethan,lessthan,as…as…,similarto,thesameas,themore…themore

注意：

慎重对待题干中的最高级、比较级

（2）拓展—③唯一性：

only,mere,nothingmorethan,unique,alone（后置）或top,perfect,important,extremely

④绝对化：

never,not,hardly,seldom,nomore,neither,always,atalltimes,every,forever,all

◆功能：

信息比较，注意信息的侧重性，同时明确比较对象

◆应用：

所有题型

例1：

Thelongertheheatedmetaltakestocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.

例2：

Themoreyouinsist,themorelikelythathe’llclamup.Instead,lethimattempttosolve（解决）thingsbyhimself.

例3：

Theybelievethatmanycollegestudentsnowneedhelptoimprovetheirstudyskills.Similarly,employersfeelthatyoungpeopleenteringthejobmarketneedtobetaughtalloveragain

例4：

ThefirestoppedonlywhentheKingfinallyorderedpeopletodestroyhundredsofbuildingsinthepathofthefire.

Atthesametime,remindhimthatyou’realwaysthereforhimshouldheseekadviceorhelp.

例5：

MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecouldroaring（吼叫）allthetimebuttohercalfitwasmusic.

例6：

Oftensuchproductsarenothingmorethanmoney-makingthingsfortheirpromoter.Theresultstheyproducearequestionable,andsomearedangeroustohealth.

例7：

Themerewonderisthatsomanystatesinsistonclosingtheirearstothemessage.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth

theyraisemoneyandmo