浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题.docx

浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题.docx

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浙江省宁波市慈溪市学年高二下学期期末英语试题

浙江省宁波市慈溪市2020-2021学年高二下学期期末英语试题

学校:

___________姓名：

___________班级：

___________考号：

___________

一、阅读选择

Ifyouwalkthroughapark,youmayenjoythescents（气味）offlowers,waterandsoil.Ifyouareespeciallylucky,youwillgettosmellfresh-cutgrass.It'sabelovedscentthattransportsmanypeoplebacktotheirchildhood.Butthere'sadarksidetothatsmell.Indeed,weareinlovewiththescentoffear.

Plantshavemanydifferentchemicaldefenses.Thatsmellisoneofthem,asthegrassrespondstoanattack,signaling（向......示意）tothesurroundinggrassthatdangeriscoming.Thefresh,"green”scentofajust-mowedlawnisthelawntryingtosaveitself,saysastoryatsciencewebsiteReal-ClearScience.

Thesmellisproducedbyamixofchemicalscalledgreenleafvolatiles（GLVs,绿叶挥发物）.Whentheleafyplantsareinjuredbyanimalseatingthem,peoplecuttingthem,oranyotherroughtreatment-theygiveoffGLVsintotheair.TheseGLVsareawarningtoneighbouringplantsthattheirflowersmightberemoved,sotheycanmoveresourceslikesugartowardtheirrootsandawayfromtheirflowers.Thisreducesaplant'spotentiallossesandcanhelpitgrowbacklater.

TherushofGLVsdoesafewotherthings,too.Onechemicalhelpstoclosethewoundonthedamagedplant.Othersactasantibiotics（抗生素）andpreventbacterialinfections.

SomeGLVsmayalsoreactwithanimalsthateatplants.SilkeAll-mannandIanT.Baldwin,researchersfromtheUniversityofAmsterdam,Netherlands,foundthatsomecaterpillars（毛虫）arechangedbytheGLVcompounds（化合物）whentheyeatatobaccoplant.Tobaccomakesthecaterpillarsmoreattractivetopredators（捕食者）.Forthetobaccoplants,thisislikehavinganolderbrothercometobeatupyourbully（欺凌者）.

Thankfully,nothingiscomingtoeatyouwhenyoumowthelawn.Instead,wehumangettreatedtosomegreat-smellingGLVs.Oneisacompoundknownas"cis-3-hexenal".Thisisthesamechemicalthatgivesstrawberriestheirsweetscent.Similarcompoundsarealsofoundinapplesandolives.

＂JustaboutallfreshvegetableshavesomeGLVscentstothem,"BaldwintoldLiveScience,andfruitsmayreleasethecompoundsastheysoften."Throughoutevolutionaryhistory,we'veusedthatinformationtoknowwhensomethingisripe,"Baldwinsaid.Nowwecanuseittoknowwhengrassisfrightened.

1．WhatdoweknowaboutGLVs?

A．Theyareharmfultohumans.B．Theyareuniquetofloweringplants.

C．Theytendtostayintheairforalongtime.D．Theyarereleasedwhenplantsgethurt.

2．HowmayplantsreacttotheGLVsproducedbyneighbouringplants?

A．Theygrowmorequickly.B．Theyproducemoreflowers.

C．Theyabsorbmorewater.D．Theytransportresourcestotheirroots.

3．Inparagraph5,theunderlinedpart"anolderbrother"refersto

A．akindofantibioticB．apredator.C．acaterpillar.D．atobaccoplant.

4．AccordingtoBaldwin,GLVscan

A．telluswhetherfruitsarereadytoeat.B．protectplantsfrompests.

C．helpfruitsgrowmorequickly.D．helppeoplechoosedeliciousfruits.

Youknowtheoldphrase,"Practicemakesperfect."Thatmaynotalwaysbetrue.AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedinRoyalSocietyOpenScience,thereareotherfactorsforreachingelite（最优秀的）levelsofability.

Theresearcherssetouttoreplicate（复制）theprocessofanew-famous1993studyoftop-levelviolinistsandpianists.Onaverage,theearlierstudyfoundthattop-rankedmusicianshadclockedover10,000hoursofpracticebytheageof20.Itputtheirsuccessdowntothehoursspentpracticing,downplayingtheimportanceofnatural,learningskillsandotherfactors.

AuthorMalcolmGladwelllaterreliedonthisstudyforhis2008book,Outliers.Hecalled10,000hours"themagicnumberofgreatness”.

Questioningthisconclusion,BrookeMacnamaraandMeghaMaitra,fromCaseWesternReserveUniversityinOhio,US,soughtvolunteerstoputthe10,000-hourruletothetest.

Thepairorganizedviolinistsintothreegroups,basedonwhethertheirtutorsratedthemasthebestplayers,goodplayers,oraverageplayers.Theywerethentoldtorecordhowlongtheypracticedeveryweek.

Theyfoundthatthe“average”playershadaround6,000hoursofpractice.However,therewaslittleseparatingthegoodfromthebestmusicians.Bothgroupshadapproximately11,000hoursofpracticebytheageof20.Inall,thenumberofhoursspentpracticingaccountedforaboutaquarteroftheskilldifferenceacrossthethreegroups.

＂Onceyougettothehighlyskilledgroups,practicestopsaccountingforthedifference,"MannamaratoldtheGuardian."Smallerfactorsthendeterminewhogoesontothatsuperelitelevel."

＂Thefactorsdependontheskillbeinglearned:

inchessitcouldbeintelligenceorworkingmemory,insportitmaybehowefficientlyapersonuseoxygen,"shesaid.Shealsopointedoutthefactorofmotivationandtheinteractionsofdifferentfactors.

RalfKrampe,aco-authorofthe1993study,disagrees,sayingthequalityofpracticeandteachingdoesmatter.“....Istillconsiderdeliberate（刻意的）practicetobebyfarthemostimportantfactor,"hetoldtheGuardian.

Itshouldbesaidthatneithersidediscountsthevalueofmakinganeffort.Evenifyouaren'tdestined（命中注定）tobetheworld'sgreatestviolinist,practicewillmakeyoualittlebitbetterthanyouwereyesterday.

5．Whatcanwelearnfromthe1993study?

A．The10.000-hourruleappliestoeverything.

B．Naturaltalentisparticularlyimportantformusicians.

C．Practiceisthekeytomasteringaskill.

D．It'sbettertolearnaninstrumentatayoungage.

6．WhatdidthestudybyMacnamaraandMaitrafind?

A．Thethreegroupsofviolinistsvariedalotintheirpracticetimes.

B．Themasteringofdifferentskillsrequireddifferenthoursofpractice.

C．Motivationandtalentdeterminedwhetheronecouldbecomeaneliteviolinist.

D．Practicetimedidn'tmakemuchdifferencebetween"thebest"and"good"violinists.

7．Theunderlinedword"discount"probablymeans

A．proveB．ignore

C．recognizeD．consider

Livinggratefullyhasahugetransformingpower,notjustwhensomethingwonderfulorspecialhappens,buteverydaynomatterwhatishappening.

I'verecentlybeeninvolvedwithtwopeoplewhoseliveswerechallengedbybadluck.Ihaveseenhowgratefullivinghadthepowertokeeponeofthemgoingandhowit'sbeginningtolifttheother.Onewasafriendandtheotherismysister.

Myfriendseemedtobeingoodhealthwhenshereceivedadeadlydiagnosis（诊断）：

adiseasewithnoeffectivetreatment.Shehadalltheemotionsthatatragedy（悲剧）brings,butshealsohadapowerfulresponsetodespairthatgaveher"thehappinessthatdoesn'tdependonwhathappens."Shewroteonlinedaily,honestlysharingthedetailsofhersituation.

Shewrotethateventhoughitwasdifficulttomove,thisgavehermoretimetonoticesmallthings.

Shewasgratefulnotonlyfortheloveandhelpoffamilyandfriends,butalsofortimetoseethesunriseandwatchthebirdsinheryard.Noopportunityforgratefulnesswaswasted.

Shetaughtthatgratefulnessisnotafalsecheerfulness.It'stakingeveryopportunitytocelebratetheblessingsofsmallthings.Wecanbegratefulforthechallengesthathelpusdevelopcompassion（同情）foreachother.Lifeisapreciousgift.

Sherepeatedlyblogged（写博客）thatshewashappierthanshehadeverbeen.

Whenshewroteabout"theworstday",sheendedwith"lifeisstillalovelygift."Shediedlaterthatday.

Hermessage,however,changedmysister'slife.Mysister'shealthwasgettingworseandworse,thoughnothinglife-threatening.Shedidhaveaverypainfulknee.Herlifewasindangerfromherdefeatedspirit.Shewasbedbound（卧床不起），gettingweakerandweaker.Fearful,angryanddepressed,shefeltoutofoptionsforrecovery.

Ireadmysisterafewofmyfriend'smessages.Iwascarefulnottosay,"Whycan'tyoubemorelikeher?

"Instead,Iletthewordsdotheirwork.I'mgratefultosaythatanattitudeofgratitudebegantoreplaceherangerandfear.Ibelievethishelpedhertoheal.

Wecan'tbegratefulforallthathappens,butwecanpracticegratefulnessforallthathappens,butwecanpracticegratefulnessforlifeitself,forallwecanlearntodealwith,forallthewayswecanhelpeachothergrowandheal.

8．Howdidtheauthor'ssisterfeelwhenshewasill?

A．calm.

B．lonely.

C．sad.

D．confused.

9．Whathappenedwhentheauthor'sfriendfoundshehadanincurabledisease?

A．Shecomplainedthatlifewasunfairtoher.

B．Shestartedtoappreciateandenjoythesmallthingsinlife.

C．Shetriedherbesttolookfortreatment.

D．Sherepeatedlybloggedabouthowpainfulitwas.

10．Whatmessagedoesthearticlemainlyconvey?

A．Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.

B．Gratitudehasthepowerofliftingpeople'sspirits.

C．Healthisthemostimportantthingforpeople.

D．Familieswillalwaysbetherenomatterwhathappens.

二、七选五

Lessonslearnedinpastoutbreaks

Thenovelcoronavirusdominates（主导）theheadlinesasoneoftheworld'smostpressingissues.Ithaskilledmorepeoplethanthe2003SARSoutbreak,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）.11．?

OneofthebiggestlessonsfromSARSwastosharethelatestinformationabouttheviruswiththepublicandothercountriesintheworldasquicklyaspossible.,12．,allowingscientistsaroundtheworldtostartdevelopingavaccine（疫亩）onJan12,accordingtoXinhua.

WithexperiencesoffightingagainstSARSandMERS,manycountrieswerealsobetterpreparedtostopthespreadofcoronavirus.13．.Duringthe2012MERSoutbreak,researchshowedthatinfectedcamelscausedtheoutbreak.AccordingtotheWHO,strictmeasureswereenacted（实施），restrictingthesaleofcamelsandcamelproductsintheArabianPeninsula.Therewerealsomasshealthtestsforallthoseinclosecontactwithdiseasedanimals.14．

Inthefightagainstthenovelcoronavirus,Chinahasalsotakenmanyeffectiveme