How to Read a Poem.docx

How to Read a Poem.docx

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HowtoReadaPoem

HowtoReadaPoem

                                   --  AppreciationofEnglishPoetry

1.Basicterms

anapestic抑抑扬格的            content                  dactylic长短格的

dimeter二步格                   form                   hexameter六步格

iambic短长格                    meaning                 pentameter五步格

rhymescheme韵式               trochaic扬抑格的         tetrameter四音步

trimeter三音步

2.Basicelements

1）Rhythm韵律:

Themethodsforcreatingpoeticrhythmvaryacrosslanguagesandbetween

poetictraditions.Languagesareoftendescribedashavingtimingsetprimarilybyaccents,syllables,ormoras（调形,音节延长度）,dependingonhowrhythmisestablished,thoughalanguagecanbeinfluencedbymultipleapproaches.

2） Meter步律：

itisthedefinitivepatternestablishedforaverse（suchasiambicpentameter抑扬五音步）.themeterofalinemaybedescribedasbeing"iambic".Scanning（将（诗）划分音步）metercanoftenshowthebasicorfundamentalpatternunderlyingaverse.Asanexampleofhowalineofmeterisdefined,inEnglish-languageiambicpentameter,eachlinehasfivemetricalfeet,andeachfootisaniamb,oranunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.Whenaparticularlineisscanned,theremaybevariationsuponthebasicpatternofthemeter;forexample,thefirstfootofEnglishiambicpentametersisquiteofteninverted,meaningthatthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.Thegenerallyacceptednamesforsomeofthemostcommonlyusedkindsoffeetinclude:

spondee（强强格,扬扬格,重重格）—twostressedsyllablestogether

iamb（抑扬格,短长格）—unstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable

E.g. Asfair/artthou/mybon/nielass,

Sodeep/inluve/amI:

AndI/willluve/theestill,/mydear,

Tilla`/theseas/gangdry:

注:

art=arethou=youluve=lovethee[thou的宾格]bonnie=beautifla`=allgang=go

trochee（扬抑格,长短格）—onestressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable

E.g. Tiger!

/Tiger!

/burning/bright

Inthe/forests/ofthe/night

dactyl（扬抑抑格）—onestressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables

Touchhernot/scornfully,

Thinkofher/mournfully. 

anapest（抑抑扬格,短短长格）—twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyonestressedsyllable

E.g. Likeachild/fromthewomb,

Likeaghost/fromthetomb,

Iarise/andunbuild/itagain.

pyrrhic（抑抑格）-twounstressedsyllablestogether（rare,usuallyusedtoenddactylichexameter）

Thenumberofmetricalfeet（韵脚）inalinearedescribedinGreekterminologyasfollows:

dimeter（二韵脚，二音步）—twofeet

trimeter（三步）—threefeet

tetrameter（四音步）—fourfeet

pentameter（五音步）—fivefeet

hexameter（六步格,）—sixfeet

heptameter（七步格）—sevenfeet

octameter（八步格）—eightfeet

Eachofthesetypesoffeethasacertain"feel,"whetheraloneorincombinationwithotherfeet.Theiamb,forexample,isthemostnaturalformofrhythmintheEnglishlanguage,andgenerallyproducesasubtlebutstableverse.Thedactyl,ontheotherhand,almostgallopsalong.And,asreadersofTheNightBeforeChristmasorDr.Seussrealize,theanapest（抑抑扬格,短短长格）isperfectforalight-hearted,comicfeel.

Note:

Rhythmandmeter,althoughcloselyrelated,shouldbedistinguished.Meteristhedefinitivepatternestablishedforaverse（suchasiambicpentameter抑扬五音步）,whilerhythmistheactualsoundthatresultsfromalineofpoetry.Thus,themeterofalinemaybedescribedasbeing"iambic",butafulldescriptionoftherhythmwouldrequirenotingwherethelanguagecausesonetopauseoraccelerateandhowthemeterinteractswithotherelementsofthelanguage.

3） Metricalpatterns

Differenttraditionsandgenresofpoetrytendtousedifferentmeters,rangingfromtheShakespearianiambicpentameterandtheHomeriandactylichexametertotheAnapestictetrameterusedinmanynurseryrhymes.However,anumberofvariationstotheestablishedmeterarecommon,bothtoprovideemphasisorattentiontoagivenfootorlineandtoavoidboringrepetition.Forexample,thestressinafootmaybeinverted,acaesura（节律的停顿）（orpause）maybeadded（sometimesinplaceofafootorstress）,orthefinalfootinalinemaybegivenafeminine（阴性的）endingtosoftenitorbereplacedbyaspondee（强强格）toemphasizeitandcreateahardstop.Somepatterns（suchasiambicpentameter）tendtobefairlyregular,whileotherpatterns,suchasdactylichexameter,tendtobehighlyirregular.Regularitycanvarybetweenlanguage.Inaddition,differentpatternsoftendevelopdistinctivelyindifferentlanguages,sothat,forexample,iambictetrameterinRussianwillgenerallyreflectaregularityintheuseofaccentstoreinforcethemeter,whichdoesnotoccuroroccurstoamuchlesserextentinEnglish.

Somecommonmetricalpatterns,withnotableexamplesofpoetsandpoemswhousethem,include:

Iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步（JohnMilton,ParadiseLost）

Dactylichexameter（Homer,Iliad;Ovid,TheMetamorphoses）

Iambictetramete