简明语言学教程.docx

简明语言学教程.docx

《简明语言学教程.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《简明语言学教程.docx（37页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

简明语言学教程

Chapter1Introduction

Whatislinguistics?

什么是语言学

[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage（对语言进行的科学研究）

[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:

thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究

1.Phonetics:

thestudyusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds（orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage）（Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified）

2.Phonology:

isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.（Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning）

3.Morphology:

thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords（howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords）

4.Syntax:

thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences（howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences）

5.Semantics:

thestudyofmeaninginabstraction

6.Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind

Appliedlinguistics:

theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning

Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics

[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive（modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive）

Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisdiachronic

③Speechandwriting言语与文字

Theyaretwomajormediaofcommunication.Speechispriortowriting.Speechistongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoshcool.

④Langueandparole语言和言语

ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.

ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse（sociological）

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity（指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）

Parole:

referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse（指语言在实际运用中的实现）

⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用

ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky（psychological）

Competence:

theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识）

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.（这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现）

________________________________________

Whatislanguage?

什么是语言

[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.（语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。

）

a）System:

combinedtogetheraccordingtorules（根据规则组合在一起）

b）Arbitrary:

nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系）

c）Vocal:

theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages（所有语言的首要媒介都是声音）

d）Human:

languageishuman-specific（语言是人类所独有的）

[B]Designfeatures（uniqueproperties）:

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication（识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征）

①Arbitrariness（任意性）

Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform（eithersoundorword）anditsmeaning.

Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意）

a）echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:

onomatopoeicwords（拟声词）

b）somecompoundwords（某些复合词）

②Productivity（能产性，创造性）

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.（Creativityoropen-endedness）

★③Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）

Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword（doublearticulation）（语言是一个系统，包含两组结构或者两个层面。

在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构，其自身没有什么意义；较高层面存在着意义单位；结构的双重性/语言的双层性）

④Displacement（跨时空性，移位性）

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker（refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations）

⑤Culturaltransition（文化传递性）

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis（everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage）,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.

Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.

________________________________________

Chapter2Phonology音位学

[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics（语音学）

Phonetics:

thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）0

Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.（发音语音学）hasthelongesthistory.

Acousticphonetics:

dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.（听觉语音学）

Auditory（orperceptual）phonetics:

dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.（声学语音学）

[B]Organsofspeech（发音器官）

Voiceless:

清音whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless

Voicing:

vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

Voiced（Voicing）:

浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.

AlltheEnglishvowels元音aretypicallyvoiced（voicing）.

Theimportantcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔

Theoralcavity口腔

Thenasalcavity鼻腔

其他部位：

Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge（alveolus）齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate（velum）软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10

[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：

Broadandnarrowtranscriptions

（语音的正字法表征：

宽式/窄式标音）

IPA（InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标）19th

Broadtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly（代表字母的符号）

Narrowtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics（变音符）diacritics：

asymbolsareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonecanpossiblydo.

E.g.:

[l]à[li:

f]--àaclear[l]（nodiacritic）

[l]à[bild]--àadark[l]（~）

[l]à[help]--àadental[l]（）

[p]à[pit]--àanaspirated[ph]（h表示送气）

[p]à[spit]--àanunaspirated[p]（nodiacritic）

[n]à[5bQtn]àasyllabicnasal[n]（7）

[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants（英语辅音的分类）

Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分（themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated）

①Stops闭塞音:

theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly

[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]

②Fricatives摩擦音:

theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth

[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h]（approximant）

③Affricates塞擦音:

theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricativesresultingfrompartialobstruction.[t∫]/[dз]

④Liquids流音:

theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth

[l]àalateralsound;[r]àretroflex

⑤Glides滑音:

[w],[j]（semi-vowels）

Liquid+glides+[h]àapproximants

⑥Nasals鼻音:

thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit

[m],[n],[η]

Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分（theplacewhereobstructioniscreated）

①bilabial双唇音:

upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w]à（velar）

②labiodentals唇齿音:

thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]

③dental齿音:

thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]

④alveolar齿龈音:

thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]

⑤palatal腭音:

tongueinthemiddleofthepalate（theabstructionisbetweenthebackofthetougueandthehardpalate）[∫]/[з],[t∫]/[dз],[j]

⑥velars软腭因:

thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]

⑦glottal喉音:

theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]

[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels（英语元音的分类）

①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:

front,central,back;

②Theopennessofthemouth:

close,semi-close,semi-open,open;

③Theroundness（shape）ofthemonth（thelips）:

Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[B]

Allthebackvowels,except[A:

]areroundedvowels

④Thelengthofthesound:

longvowels&shortvowels

Larynxà（tense）or（lax）

Monophthongs,diphthongs

Cardinalvowels

[F]Thedefinitionofphonology（音位学）

Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.

Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone（音素、音位、音位变体）

Phone:

aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment（音素是一个语音单位或者说语音段）

Phoneme:

aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.（音位是一个音位学的单位，而且是一个有区别意义的单位，是一个抽象的单位）

Allophone:

thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.