Papertranslation 2.docx

Papertranslation 2.docx

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Papertranslation2

Abstract

Peopleformthetourismtoknowthisworldbetter.Thecommunicationtoolisveryimportanttohelppeopletotravel.Translationisanimportantroleintravel.Peoplecometoanewcountry,themosteffectivewayisthattoknowhowtogotosomewherebytheTourismPublicSigns.Howtotranslatethesesignsisveryimportanttous,andcanhelptheforeignerstobefamiliarwithChina.

KeyWords:

translate;tourism;skopostheorie;communication

Introduction

Therearetwoveryvisiblewaysinwhichtranslationstudieshasbecomemoreprominent.First,therehasbeenaproliferationofspecializedtranslatingandinterpretingcoursesatbothundergraduateandpostgraduatelevel.Thesecourses,whichattractthousandsofstudents,aremainlyorientedtowardstrainingfutureprofessionalcommercialtranslatorsandinterpretersandserveashighlyvaluedentry-levelqualificationsforthetranslatingandinterpretingprofessions.CaminadeandPym（1995）listedatleast250university-levelbodiesinoversixtycountriesofferingfour-yearundergraduatedegreesand/orpostgraduatecoursesintranslation.Thenumberhascontinuedtogrow.TaketheexampleoftheUK,wherethestudyofmodernlanguagesatuniversityhasbeenindeclinebutwherethestoryparticularlyofpostgraduatecoursesininterpretingandtranslating,thefirstofwhichweresetupinthe1960s,isverydifferent.Atthetimeofthefirsteditionofthisbook,therewereatleasttwentypostgraduatetranslationcoursesintheUKandseveraldesignated‘CentaresforTranslationStudies’.By2007–8,thekeywordsearch‘translation’revealedovertwentyinstitutionsofferingacombinedtotalof135MAprogramme,eveniftranslationwasnotnecessarilycentraltoall.1Translationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagetextbymeansofanequivalenttarget-languagetext.Whereasinterpretingundoubtedlyantedateswriting,translationbeganonlyaftertheappearanceofwrittenliterature（Munday,2001）.

Translationstudiesistheacademicdisciplinerelatedtothestudyofthetheoryandphenomenaoftranslation.Byitsnatureitismultilingualandalsointerdisciplinary,encompassinganylanguagecombinations,variousbranchesoflinguistics,comparativeliterature,communicationstudies,philosophyandarangeoftypesofculturalstudiesincludingpostcolonialismandpostmodernismaswellassociologyandhistoriography.

Becauseofthisdiversity,oneofthebiggestproblemsinteachingandlearningabouttranslationstudiesisthatmuchofitisdispersedacrosssuchawiderangeofbooksandjournals（Monday,2001）.

Translatorsalwaysriskinappropriatespill-overofsource-languageidiomandusageintothetarget-languagetranslation.Ontheotherhand,spill-overshaveimportedusefulsource-languagecalquesandloanwordsthathaveenrichedthetargetlanguages.Indeed,translatorshavehelpedsubstantiallytoshapethelanguagesintowhichtheyhavetranslated.

BothEnglishandChineseareveryrichinidiomaticexpressionscloselyrelatedtotheirowncultureandconveydifferentculturalfeaturesandmessage.Whentranslatingidioms,thetranslatorisentitledtomakecertainculturaladaptationstomakethemonolingualreaderunderstandthetranslatedmessagewithease.

Thetermtranslationitselfhasseveralmeanings:

itcanrefertothegeneralsubjectfield,theproductortheprocess.Theprocessoftranslationbetweentwodifferentwrittenlanguagesinvolvesthetranslatorchanginganoriginalverballanguageintoawrittentextinadifferentverballanguage.—interlingualtranslationTheRussian-AmericanstructuralistRomanJacobsoninhisseminalpaper”Onlinguisticaspectsoftranslationgavehiscategoriesasintralingualtranslation,interlingualtranslationandinter-semiotictranslation（Munday,2001）.

1:

LiteratureReview

Forthetourism,thegoodtranslationisgoodforthevisitortounderstandthemeaningfuloftheoversightsandtheculture.ThisiswhytherearemoreandmorepeopleisworkingonthetranslationoftheTourismPublicSigns.Itreallycanhelptheforeignerstofindoutwhattheywant.ButtherearemanystudiesonresearchingthetranslationoftheTourismPublicSigns.Andalso,wecanlearnalotfromtheskopostheorie.

1.1overviewofskopostheorie

Toknowatheory,weshouldknowthedevelopmentofthistheory.First,KatharinaReissandherfunctionalisttranslationcriticism:

thefunctionalperspectivetakesprecedenceoverthenormalstandardsofequivalence.Then,Vermeerstronglyopposestheviewthattranslationissimplyamatteroflanguage:

forhimtranslationisacross-culturaltransferandthetranslatorshouldbebiculturalandmoreover,heseestranslationessentiallyasaformofaction,inotherwords,"across-culturalevent".Last,theterm"translation"—"messagetransmitters",placesspecialemphasisontheactionaspectsofthetranslationprocess,analyzingtheroleoftheparticipantsandthesituationalconditions.

Hans J. Vermeer introduces skopos into translation theory in the 1970s as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating, as it deals with a translational action that is ST-based.

IfwewanttobefamiliarwithSkopos,weshouldknowtherelationshipbetweenSTandTTunderskopostheorie.

Firstiscoherence.Intertextualcoherencemeansthetargetreceivershouldbeabletounderstandthetargettext,whichshouldmakesenseinthecommunicativesituationandculturewhereitisreceived.JustascoherenceruleofSkopostheoriespecifies,atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasenseitiscoherentwiththereceivers'situation.Intertextualcoherenceorfidelity,asVermeercallsit,isarequirementontherelationshipofsourcetextandtargettext.Hebelievesthatintertextualcoherenceshouldexistbetweensourcetextandtargettext,thoughtheformittakesdependsbothonthetranslator'sinterpretationofthesourcetextandonthetranslationSkopos.

Secondisculture.VermeerbasedhisconceptofcultureonGohring'sdefinition,Payingattentiontothedynamicqualitiesandcomprehensivenessofculture,Vermeerdefinescultureas"theentiresettingofnormsandconventionsanindividualasamemberofhissocietymustknowinordertobe.However,astowhatapproachesthetranslatoradoptstodealwithculturalproblems,itlargelydependsonthetranslationSkopos,namelywhethertopreservetheexoticflavorornot.Butonethingiscertain:

intermsofculture,thesourcetextandthetargettextareincomparisonbothbythetranslatorandbyreceiversofthetexts.

Thethirdoneisequivalence.Skopostheorieregardsadequacyasitsmethodofassessingwhetherthetranslationqualityisgoodenough.Asadequacyismeasuredagainsttranslationbrief,orSkopos,thewholetranslationwillbelargelyinfluenceddeterminedbyitsSkopos.

Thelastoneistexttype.Offeringacorrectandcompleterenderingofthesourcetext'scontent,andshouldbeguided,intermsofstylisticchoices,bythedominantnormsofthetargetlanguageandculture.

SkoposistheGreekwordfor"aim"or"purpose"andwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHansJ.Vermeerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.Skopostheorieregardsadequacyasitsmethodofassessingwhetherthetranslationqualityisgoodenough.Asadequacyismeasuredagainsttranslationbrief,orSkopos,thewholetranslationwillbelargelyinfluenceddeterminedbyitsSkopos.

1.2TextTypology

KatharineReissbuiltupherTextTypeTheoryinthe1970s.EnglishtranslationoftheclassicGermancollegetext（1971）.Foruseintrainingtranslators,interpreters,andevaluatorsoftranslations.Providesobjectivecriteriaforevaluatingallvarietiesoftranslation,basedonatypologyoftextsandthepointsofreferencebywhichanyparticulartranslationshouldbejudged.Thescopeoftranslationcriticismisdefinedanditslimitationsareexamined（Katharina,2004）.

Hertexttypologyistheinformativetextwherethecontentisthemainfocus.Theexpressivetextwherethefocusisoncreativecompositionandaesthetics.Theoperativetextwherethefocusis“appellative”bywhichwhatismeantisthatthetextappealstothereadertoactina

certainway,persuading,dissuading,requesting,andcajolinghim.Thisformoflanguageisusuallydialogicorconversational.

Thetranslatorattempttoproduceananalogousstylisticeffect.Andalso,thetranslatorshouldbeguidedbytheaimoftheoriginaltexts,andattempttobringaboutthesamereactionintheaudience,thoughthismightinvolvechangingthecontentand/orstylisticfeaturesoftheoriginal.

2:

IntroductionandCharacteristicsofScenicResortsPublicSigns

ScenicResortsPublicSignsaretheguidesfortheforeignerswhentheyareinChina.Theyareveryimportanttoshowthecultureofonecountry,andalsocanhelptheforeignerstogoanywhereandbefamiliarwiththiscountrywithoutnowordstocommunicate.ThegoodScenicResortsPublicSignsnotonlycanshowthelevelofthecultureofthecountry,butalsocanhelpotherstotravelbythemselves.

2.1Definitionofpublicsigns

Ifwewanttostudyonthepublicsignsbetter,weshouldknowthedefinitionofpublicsigns.Whatispublicsign?

Publicsignreferstoaletteredboardorotherpublicdisplay,placedonorbeforeabuilding,room,shoporofficetoprovideinformation.Wecandoalotofthingsduringthepublicsignstoday.

Publicsignscantellpeoplehowtogetsomewhereandtellthemwhattheycandoorcannotdo.Itisreallyanimportantsymbolinonecountry.Peoplecangetalotofinformationfromthepublicsigns.So,themostimportantforthepublicsignsistranslating.Peoplefrom