Lecture Two.docx

Lecture Two.docx

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LectureTwo

LectureTwo

Warm-up

PartITheEtymologicalStudyofMedicalTerms

I.WordsfromOldEnglish

1.Anatomicwords:

Ankle–ancleowank-=“tobend”

Back,bladder,blood,chest,ear,eye,foot,gum,hair,hand,knee,lip,liver,lung,neck,organ,throat,tongue.

2.Wordsdenotingconcepts

ache（v.）acaninoldEnglish,meaning“ache,sufferpain”.–aecheinMiddleEnglish.

Blind,breath,bruise,meaning“crush”.

Cold,fever,heal,mind

II.WordsoriginatedfromGreek

DuringandafterthefirstcenturyB.C.,RomansborrowedalotofGreekwordsintotheirownlanguage.SincetheRenaissance,manyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswereintroducedintoModernEnglish.ThemedicalterminologyhasbeengreatlyinfluencedbyGreek.Fromsuchwordsasgrammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,musicinearlyModernEnglishtothewordslikeacme（极期）,anorexia（食欲缺乏,厌食症）,colon,coma,diagnosis,dyspeptic,glaucoma（青光眼）,metastasis（转移）,necrosis,pandemic,paralysis,pneumonia,psychology.

III.WordsfromLatin

Thetwoinvasions,theRenaissanceandtheindustrialrevolution:

Before450A.D.,theRomanEmpireinvadersbroughtLatinintoBritishIslandforthefirsttime.ThesecondoccurredafterWilliamtheConquerorcameintotheBritishthroneandNorman-FrenchderivedfromAncientLatinbroughtmanywordsintoEnglish.EnglishborrowedalotfromLatinonceagainduetotheRenaissance.Certainly,theIndustrialRevolutionbroughtaboutthetechnologicalchangesinmanyfields,whichinevitablyrenderedgreatcontributionstotheEnglishvocabulary.

Abscess,acute,aorta（主动脉）,autopsy,bacteria,cell,clinic,cortex,dystrophy,hydrophobia,inflame,medicine,muscle,obstetrics,placebo,panacea,prognosis,tumor.

IV.WordsfromFrench

Migrane（asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral）isderivedfromLatinhemicrania,whichwasborrowedfromGreekhemikrania,fromtheprefixhemi-andkranion（skull）.

Hospital,faint,jaundice,doctor,benign,disease,mortuary,embolism,anatomy,artery,ambulance,antibiotic,chronic,lymph,malaise,pathology,surgeon,palpitation（心悸）,prostate,rehabilitation.

V.WordsfromGerman

Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadeprogressinscienceandtechnology.NowwordswerecoinedinGerman.

Like:

aspirin,barbiturate巴比妥酸盐,biology,chemotherapy,chromosome,gene,genome,leukemia非白血性白血病,neuron,psychoanalysis,schizophrenia精神分裂症,testosterone睾丸酮.

VI.WordsfromItalian

Influenza,malaria,quarantine…

VII.WordsfromSpanish

Mosquito,quinine…

VIII.Wordsfromdirectcoinage

Acupuncture,antacid…

PartIICharacteristicsofMedicalTerms

I.Pronunciation

1.Someindividualletters

Theletterc:

cardiac,paracentesis,placenta,

Theletterg:

gastral,emergency

Theletterx:

xacrorin,anthrax炭疽

2.Consonantcombinations

Thecombinationch:

choke,chronic

Thecombinationph:

phobia,

Thecombinationrh:

rhinal.

3.Doubleconsonants

Cn–cnidoblast,gastrocnemius;

Gn–gnarl,prognosis

Mn–mneme记忆力,amnesia;

Pn–pneophorus,apnea;

Ps–psychalgia,apselaphesia;

Pt–ptyalin,hemoptysis咯血

II.Pluralformsofmedicalterms

PluralsofwordswithLatinendings:

Singularpluralsingularplural

-a-aeampullaampulae

Vertebravertebrae

-um-aflagellumflagella

Labiumlabia

-us-ibacillusbacilli

Bronchusbronchi

Focusfocci

-us-eragenusgenera

-us-oracorpuscorpora

-ex-ices/-esapexapices/apexes

-ix-ices/-esappendixappendices/appendixes

Cervixcervices/cervixes

Cortexcortices/cortexes

-s-savasvasa

PluralsofwordswithGreekendings:

Singularpluralsingularplural

-ma-mata/-senemaenemata/enemas

Fibromafibromata

Lymphomalymphomata

-on-aencephalonencephala

Ganglionganglia

Phenomenonphenomena

-is-esanalysisanalyses

Arthrosisarthroses

Crisiscrises

Dermatosisdermatoses

Epiphysisepiphyses

-is-idesepididymisepididymides

Glottisglottides

-ax-aces/-esthoraxthoraces/thoraxes

-inx-ingesmeninxmeninges

III.Synonymousphonomenonofmedicalterms

Overlappinginreferenceisverycommoninmedicalterminology.Forexample:

Bodybodigcorpus（Latin）soma（Greek）

Corporalsomatic

Corpusclesomatocyte

Corpsesomatology,

somatoscopy

ReferentNativeoriginLatinOriginGreekorigin

Bodybodigcorpussoma

Fatfattadip-lipo-

Handhondmanus-cheiro-,chiro-

Heartheortecor-cardia-

Jointjointartic-arthr-

Articulationarthrocele

Kidneykidenereren-nephro-

Navelnafelaumbilicusomphalos

Umbilicularomphalocele

Womanwimmanfem-gyn-

Exercise

Givethepluralformofthefollowingmedicalterms:

bursacytolysiscalculusdiagnos