高级英语视听说教程第二册听力文本.docx

高级英语视听说教程第二册听力文本.docx

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高级英语视听说教程第二册听力文本

高级英语视听说教程-第二册--听力文本

Book2Chapter1ThePopulation

Todaywe’regoingtotalkaboutpopulationintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothemostrecentgovernmentcensus,thepopulationis281,421,906people.Nowthisrepresentsanincreaseofalmost33millionpeoplesincethe1990census.Apopulationofover281millionmakestheUnitedStatesthethirdmostpopulouscountryinthewholeworld.Asyouprobablyknow,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.Butdoyouknowwhichisthesecondmostpopulous?

Well,ifyouthoughtIndia,youwereright.Thefourth,fifth,andsixthmostpopulouscountriesareIndonesia,Brazil,andPakistan.Nowlet’sgetbacktotheUnitedStates.Let’slookatthetotalU.S.populationfigureof281

populationfigures,areCalifornia,withalmost34million;NewYork,with21million;Texas,with19million;andFlorida,with16million;andIllinoiswith12.5millionpeople.Didyougetallthosefiguresdown?

Well,ifnot,I’llgiveyouachancelatertocheckyourfigures.Well,then,let’smoveon.Alltold,overhalf,orsome58percentofthepopulation,livesintheSouthandintheWestoftheUnitedStates.Thisfigure,58percent,issurprisingtomanypeople.ItissurprisingbecausetheEastismoredenselypopulated.Nevertheless,therearemorepeoplealltogetherintheSouthandWest.Tounderstandthisseemingcontradiction,oneneedonlyconsidertherelativelylargersizeofmanysouthernandwesternstates,soalthoughtherearemorepeople,theyaredistributedoveralargerarea.Tofinishupthissectionongeographicaldistribution,considerthatmorethanthree-quartersofthepeopleliveinmetropolitanareaslikeLosAngeles,NewYork,Chicago,andHouston.Thatmeansthatonly20percent,or2outof10people,liveinruralareas.Aninterestingsidenoteisthatsome3,800,000U.S.citizensliveabroad,thatis,inforeigncountries.

Beforewefinishtoday,IwanttodiscussthedistributionoftheU.S.populationintermsofageandsex.Justforinterest,wouldyousaytherearemoremenormorewomenintheUnitedStates?

Well,accordingtothe2000census,therearemorewomen.Infact,therearemorethanfivemillionmorewomenthanmenintheU.S.population.Ifweconsiderthatmoremalesthanfemalesareborneachyear,howcanthisdifferencebeexplained?

Well,foravarietyofcomplicatedreasonsthatwecan’tgointohere,thereisaprogressivelyhigherdeathrateformalesastheygetolder.Thisisseenin2003lifeexpectancyfigures:

thelifeexpectancyforwomenis80.4yearswhereasformenitisonly74.5years.Idon’tknowhowtheselifeexpectancyfigurescomparetothoseinyourcountries,butstatisticallywomengenerallylivelongerthanmenworldwide.Now,tofinishup,let’slookattheaverageageofthewholepopulation.Overall,theaverageageofthepopulationisincreasing:

from33.1yearsin1990to35.3yearsin2000.Theaverageagehasbeenslowly,butsteadily,increasingoverthepastseveraldecades.Thistrendtowardahigheraverageagecanbeexplainedbyadecreasingbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancyforthepopulationasawhole.Well,I’dliketoinvestigatethesetwosubjectsfurther,butIseeourtimeisup,sowe’llhavetocallitquitsfortoday.YoumaywanttopursuethetopicoftheagingU.S.populationfurther,sotherearesomesuggestionsattheendofthelessontohelpyoudoso.Thankyou.

ChapterTwoImmigration:

PastandPresent

Theactofimmigrating,orcomingtoanewcountrytolive,iscertainlynothingnew.Throughouthistory,peoplehaveimmigrated,ormovedtonewcountries,formanydifferentreasons.Sometimesthesereasonswereeconomicorpolitical.Otherpeoplemovedbecauseofnaturaldisasterssuchasdroughtsorfamines.Andsomepeoplemovedtoescapereligiousorpoliticalpersecution.Nomatterwhatthereason,mostpeopledonotwanttoleavetheirnativelandanddosoonlyundergreatpressureofsomesort,butafewpeopleseemquiteadventuresomeandrestlessbynatureandliketomovealot.ItseemsbothkindsofpeoplecametoAmericatolive.ThesubjectofimmigrationisquitefascinatingtomostAmericans,astheyviewthemselvesasanationofimmigrants.However,theearlyBritonswhocametowhatistodaytheUnitedStatesconsideredthemselves“settlers”or“colonists,”ratherthanimmigrants.Thesepeopledidnotexactlythinktheyweremovingtoanewcountrybutweremerelysettlingnewlandforthe“mothercountry.”TherewerealsolargenumbersofDutch,French,German,andScotch-Irishsettlers,aswellaslargenumbersofblacksbroughtfromAfricaasslaves.AtthetimeofindependencefromBritainin1776,about40percentofpeoplelivinginwhatisnowtheUnitedStateswerenon-British.Themajorityofpeople,however,spokeEnglish,andthetraditionsthatformedthebasisoflifeweremainlyBritishtraditions.ThisperiodwehavejustbeendiscussingisusuallyreferredtoastheColonialPeriod.Today,we’realittlemoreinterestedinactualimmigrationafterthisperiod.Let’sfirstlookatwhatisoftencalledtheGreatImmigration,whichbeganabout1830andendedin1930.Thenlet’sconsiderthereasonsforthisso-calledGreatImmigrationandthereasonsitended.Finally,let’stalkabouttheimmigrationsituationintheUnitedStatestoday,

AsIsaid,we’llbeginourdiscussiontodaywiththeperiodofhistorycalledtheGreatImmigration,whichlastedfromapproximately1830to1930.ItwillbeeasierifwelookattheGreatImmigrationintermsofthreemajorstages,ortimeperiods.Thefirststagewasfromapproximate1y1830to1860.Now,beforethistime,thenumberofimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStateswascomparativelysmall,onlyabout10,000ayear.However,theratebegantoclimbinthe1830swhenabout600,000immigrantsarrived.Theratecontinuedtoclimbduringthe1840swithatota1of1,700,000peoplearrivinginthatdecade.Theratecontinuedtoclimb,andduringthe1850s2,600,000immigrantsarrived.DuringthisfirststageoftheGreatImmigration,thatis,betweentheyears1830and1860,themajorityofimmigrantscamefromGermany,GreatBritain,andIreland.Nowlet’sconsiderthesecondstageoftheGreatImmigration.Thesecondstagewasfroml860to1890,duringwhichtimeanother10,000,000peoplearrived.Betweenl860and1890themajorityofimmigrantscontinuedtobefromGermany,Ireland,andGreatBritain.However,duringthesecondstage,asmallerbutsignificantnumberofimmigrantscamefromtheScandinaviannationsofDenmark,NorwayandSweden.ThethirdstageoftheGreatImmigration,whichlastedfrom1890to1930,wastheeraofheaviestimmigration.Betweentheyearsl890andl930,almost22millionimmigrantsarrivedintheUnitedStates.MostofthesenewarrivalscamefromtheSouthernEuropeancountriesofGreece,Italy,Portugal,andSpainandtheEasternEuropeancountriesofPolandandRussia.

NowthatweknowsomethingaboutthenumbersandoriginsofimmigrantswhocametotheStatesduringtheGreatImmigration,let’sconsiderthereasonswhymostofthesepeopleimmigratedtotheUnitedStates.WhydidsuchlargenumbersofEuropeansleavetheirhomesforlifeinanunknowncountry?

Itwouldbeimpossibletodiscussallthecomplexpoliticalandeconomicreasonsinanydepthtoday,butwecantouchonafewinterestingfactsthatmighthelptoclarifythesituationforyou.Firstofall,oneofthemostimportantreasonswasthatthepopulationofEuropedoubledbetweentheyears1750and1850.Atthesametimethatthepopulationwasgrowingsorapidly,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropewascausingwidespreadunemployment.ThecombinationofincreasedpopulationandthedemandforlandbyindustryalsomeantthatfarmlandwasbecomingincreasinglyscarceinEurope.ThescarcityoffarmlandinEuropemeantthattheabundanceofavailablelandinthegrowingcountryoftheUnitedStateswasagreatattraction.Duringtheseyears,theUnitedStateswasanexpandingcountryanditseemedthattherewasnoendtoland.Infact,in1862,thegovernmentofferedpubliclandfreetocitizensandtoimmigrantswhowereplanningtobecomecitizens.Inadditiontoavailablefarmland,therewerealsoplentifuljobsduringtheseyearsofgreateconomicgrowth.Otherattractionswerefreedomfromreligiousorpoliticalpersecution.SomeothergroupsalsocametotheUnitedStatesasthedirectresultsofnaturaldisastersthatleftthemindesperatesituations.Forexample,thefrequentfailureofthepotatocropinIrelandbetweentheyears1845and1849ledtowidespreadstarvationinthatcountry,andpeopleweredriventoimmigrate.AnotherfactorthataffectedthenumberofimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStateswasimprovedoceantransportbeginninginthe1840s.Atthattime,shipslargeenoughtocarrylargenumbersofpeoplebegantomakeregulartripsacrosstheocean.Nowlet’ssummarizethereasonsforthehighrateofimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesduringtheyearswediscussed:

first,thedoublingofthepopulationinEuropebetween1750and1850;second,theunemploymentcausedbytheIndustrialRevolution;andthird,thelandscarcityinEurope,followedbyreligiousandpoliticalpersecutionandnaturaldisaster.Thesereasonscombinedwithimprovedtransportationprobablyaccountforthelargestnumberofimmigrants.

IwouldnowliketotalkbrieflyabouttheperiodoftimefollowingtheGreatImmigrationandthereasonsforthedeclineintherateofimmigration.Althoughimmigrationcontinuestoday,immigrationnumbershaveneveragainreachedthelevelsthatwediscussedpreviously.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisdecline.Thisdeclinewasinpartduetovariouslawswhoseaimwas