六级习题1.docx

六级习题1.docx

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六级习题1

PartIWriting（30minutes）

　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledCanKnowledgeChangeOne’sDestiny?

Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

　　1.有人相信知识能改变命运

　　2.有人则认为当今社会光靠知识已经很难改变命运

　　3.我认为……

　　CanKnowledgeChangeOne’sDestiny?

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

　　Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

　　ComparingYourselftoOthers:

It’sNotAllBad

　　“Tocompareistodespair,”thesayinggoes,andI’vegenerallyfoundittobetrue.IfItryhardenough（andsometimesevenifIdon’t）Icanusuallyfindsomeonewhoperformsbetterorhasmore.AndIcanfeelbadaboutit.

　　Iobjectivelyknowthatmyownlifeisprettygood,butthisupwardcomparison,aseconomistsandpsychologistscallit,cansomehowdimmyownaccomplishments.“Comparisonisrifewithdanger,butit’sunderstandablewhywedoit,”saidHeidiGrantHalvorson,asocialpsychologist.“We’rehumanbeingsandwenaturallyseekinformation.”

　　Onewaytogetinformation,Ms.Halvorsonsaid,istoturntoexperts.Anotherwayistolookatthosearoundus.

　　Andoftenwhatweseeinourneighborhoodorcommunityismoreimportant,inourminds,thananythingelse.Economicstudieshaveshown,forexample,thatoncetheymakeacertainamountofmoneytocoverbasics,mostpeoplecaremoreaboutrelative,ratherthanabsolute,income.Thatis,mostofusfeelbetterifwemake,say,$100,000ifthemajorityofourneighborsmake$75,000thanifweearn$150,000whenmostofourfriendsbringin$200,000.

　　Onesuchstudy,“NeighborsasNegatives:

RelativeEarningsandWell-Being,”publishedin2005inTheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,foundthat“higherearningsofneighborswereassociatedwithlowerlevelsofself-reportedhappiness.”Thepapercitestheoft-quotedsayingbytheeconomistandphilosopherJohnStuartMill:

“Mendonotdesiretoberich,buttobericherthanothermen.”

　　ErzoF.P.Luttmer,theauthorofthestudyandanassociateprofessorofeconomicsatDartmouthCollege,saidinatelephoneinterviewthatneighbors“influencewhatyouthinkisanormallifestyle,andyoustruggletokeepup.”

　　We’reoftentoldtoavoidcomparing,butthisisbothdifficultandnotnecessarilywiseadviceinallsituations.

　　Ms.Halvorson,whoisalsoauthorofthebook“Succeed:

HowWeCanReachOurGoals”（HudsonStreetPress,2010）,saidweneededtothinkaboutwhywewereseekingtheinformation.“Upwardcomparisoncanbepunishingandmakeyoufeelterrible,”shesaid.“Butyoucanalsolookupwardtolearn.”

　　Ifwefeelbad,forexample,abouthowwellwejustplayedinagameoftennis,wecancheckoutthosewhoplayworsetomakeourselvesfeelbetter,andavoidwatchingthesemi-prosontheothercourt.Or,ifwebelievethatwecanimproveandlearnbylookingatothers—andnotjustfeelinferioraboutplayingworse—thenwecanwatchthebetterplayers.

　　Therearealsoprosandconstocomparingourselveswithpeopleworseoffthanourselves.It’snotgoodifwe’rejusttryingtogainasenseofsuperiorityoravoidingchallengingourselvestodobetter.Butsuchdownwardcomparisonscanremindusofourownfortune.Theycanalsohelpuswhenwethinkaboutthethingsweregretbutwecannotchange.

　　Aspartofastudyco-writtenbyIsabelleBauer,aclinicalpsychologistinToronto,104peopleofvariousageswereaskedtocompleteasurveyabouttheirgreatestmisgivings—choosingthewrongcareerpath,orfailingtomakeamendstosomeonewhopassedawayormarryingthewrongperson.

　　Thestudyfoundthatthosewhofeltthatotherpeoplehadregretsthatwere“more”or“muchmore”severereportedanincreaseinpositiveemotionswhenreassessedfourmonthslatercomparedwiththosewhosaidthatotherpeople’sregretswere“less”or“muchless”severe.

　　“Ifyoucan’tchangewhatyoudid,thendownwardsocialcomparisonhelpsusgainperspective,”Ms.Bauersaid.“Andthosepeopleareabletomoveonandre-engageinothergoals.Ifyoucompareupwardaboutthingsyoucan’tchange,thenyouseemtojustfeelstuck.”Butthosewhocomparedthemselvesdownwardandhadtheopportunitytodosomethingabouttheirregretsdidn’tfeelanymorepositiveovertime,shesaid.

　　Comparisonscanalsoserveasarealitycheck,particularlywhenspeakingaboutmoney.

　　MycolleagueRonLieber,forexample,wroteaboutNetworthIQ,asitethatallowspeopletoanonymouslyposttheirownnetworth.Wouldwebehappierandhealthier,heaskedreaders,ifweknewthenetworthofourfriends,colleaguesandneighbors?

　　Theoverwhelmingresponsewasno.Asonecommenterputit:

“Iamsickenedbytheideaofcalculatingone’s‘networth’intermsofmoney.It’sgoodtohavesavingsandit’sgoodtohaveanestinwhichonecannestlewhenoneexceedsproductiveyears.However,toexpressyourworthintermsofthe‘howmuch?

’questionisonemoresteptowarddehumanization.I’dratherfigureoutmynetworthintermsofhowmuchIamworthtotheworldinwhichIlive.”

　　Noteveryonefeelsthatway,ofcourse,andplentyofpeoplehavepostedtheirprofilesonNetworthIQ.com.

　　INGRetirement,aUnitedStates-baseddivisionoftheDutchfinancialservicesgroup,afewyearsagointroducedINGCompareME.com,whichallowsyoutoanonymouslytypeinyourprofile—yourage,income,genderandmaritalstatus.

　　Thenyouanswersomepersonalfinancequestions,liketheamountofmoneyyou’veputasideforretirement,yourmortgagepayments,whatyouthinkyou’llneedtosavetoretirecomfortablyandsoon.Youaretheninstantlycomparedwithyourpeers.

　　Iansweredsomeofthequestionsandseemedprettyaverage.IguessIwaspleasedourretirementsavingswereslightlyhigherthanthoseoftheother1,071peoplewhoansweredthequestionwithasimilarprofile,butIalsowasn’tsureifIshouldbe.Mightitjustmeanthatallofusaresavingtoolittle?

WasIgettingafalsesenseofsecurity?

　　Notatall,saidDenis-MartinMonty,vicepresidentofemergingproductdevelopmentatINGRetirement.Rather,itisausefultooltogetustothinkaboutthingsweoftendon’twantto—likehowmuch（orlittle）we’veputawayforretirement.

　　Thesitewasinitiallytestedamong28,000employeesofING’slargerclients.Whenaskedattheendofthesurvey,64percentofthosewhomeasuredthemselveschosetotakesomesortofpositiveaction,likeenrollinaretirementplanorincreasetheirsavingsrate.

　　Mr.Montyalsopointedoutthatstudiesshowthatmostofusthinkwe’reaboveaverage,whathecalledtheLakeWobegoneffect.

　　“Wetendtooverestimatewherewestandincomparisontootherpeople,”hesaid.Sopeoplearen’tnecessarilylookingathowmuchmorethey’reactuallysavingthanotherpeople,hesaid,buthowmuchmoretheythoughttheyweresaving.

　　Thesiterecentlyhitthemillion-usermark,Mr.Montysaid.

　　DavidLaibson,aprofessorofeconomicsatHarvardUniversity,whohaslookedattheimpactofprovidingpeerinformationonretirementsavingsdecisions（itcanbehelpful,butnotalways）agreedthatsuchcomparisonscanserveapurpose.

　　“Comparisonstolargegroupsofpeersareoftenuseful,”hesaid.“It’sneverthefinalwordonwhatIshoulddo,butitdoesgivemefoodforthought.”

　　Idoubtmostofusareevergoingtostopcomparingourselveswithothers.Themostimportantpointtokeepinmind,however,isasMs.Halvorsonsaid:

“There’salotofimperfectcomparisongoingon.Weneverseethewholepicture.”

　　1.WhatisHeidiGrantHalvorson’sviewofcomparison?

　　A）Ithighlightspeople’sachievementsinsomeway.

　　B）Itcanbeacceptedasawayofgettinginformation.

　　C）Itshouldbeblamedforcausinghopelessness.

　　D）Itmakespeoplefeelsatisfiedwiththeirownlife.

　　2.Accordingtoeconomicstudies,whatdomostpeopledowhentheyareabletomeettheirbasicneed?

　　A）Theyaremoreinterestedinrelativeincome.

　　B）Theydevotethemselvestocommunitycauses.

　　C）Theydesiretobecomericherandricher.

　　D）Theyassociatetheirhappinesswiththeirincome.

　　3.Theauthorsaidtheadvicethatpeopleshouldavoidcomparingis_______.

　　A）sensibleB）constructiveC）unwiseD）impossibletofollow

　　4.WhatistheadvantageofupwardcomparisonaccordingtoMs.Halvorson?

　　A）Itcanlightenpeople’smood.C）Itgainspeopleasenseofsuperiority.

　　B）Itmotivatespeopletoimprove.D）Ithelpspeoplegetridofbadhabits.

　　5.Whatdidthestudyco-writtenbyIsabellaBauerreveal?

　　A）Peopletendtocomparethemselveswiththoseworseoff.

　　B）Mostpeoplemakewrongdecisionsintheirwholelife.

　　C）Downwardcomparisonmakespeoplefeelmorepositive.

　　D）Upwardcomparingismorehelpfulthandownwardcomparing.

　　6.Ifthereisnothingpeoplecandoabouttheirregrets,Ms.Bauersuggestedthatpeople_______.

　　A）reflectontheirfailuresaloneC）lookatthepasttogainaperspective

　　B）lookupwardtolearnandimproveD）makedownwardsocialcomparison

　　7.AccordingtoRonLieber’sarticle,manypeoplethoughtthatknowingthenetworthofothers_______.

　　A）helpedchecktheirspendingC）wasthesourceoftheirmisery

　　B）hadinfluencedtheirlifestyleD）wouldnotmakethemhappier

　　8.Findingherretirementsavingswerealittlemorethanherpeers,theauthordoubtedifshewasgettingawrong______________________________.

　　9.Denis-MartinMontysaidthatpeopletendto________