人教版英语选修六课文原文.docx
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人教版英语选修六课文原文
Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING
Artisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones.StartingfromthesixthcenturyAD.
TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)
DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.
TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)
DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.PeoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetothesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycouledecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.
Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.
Impressionism(late19htoearly20thcentury)
Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkeinParis.
TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.
ModernArt(29thcenturytotoday)
Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareaccepetedasthebeginningofwhatwecall"modernart".ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexsist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture
TheBestofManhattan’sGalleries
TheFrickCollection(5thAvenueandStreet)
ManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollection.YoucanalsoexploreFrick’sbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthavisit.
GuggenheimMuseum(5thAvenueand88thStreet)
Thismuseumowns5,000modernpaintings,sculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesameexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillapealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-ImpressionistGuggenheimMuseumbuildingisalsoworld-famous.Whenyouwalkintothegallery,youfellasifyouwereinsideafragile,whiteseashell.Thebestwaytoseethepaintingsistostartfromthetopfloorandwalkdowntothebottom.Therearenostairs,justacircularpath.Themuseumalsohasanexcellentreaturant.
MetropolitanMuseumofArt(5thAvenueand82ndStreet)
Thereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyifitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsiftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfricancountriesandSouthmuseundiaplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiantemple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18thcenturyFrenchhouseandotherspecialexhibitions.
MuseumofModernArt(53rdStreet,btween5thand6thAvenues)
Itisamazingthatsomanygreatworksoffromthelate19thcenturytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonet,VanGogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:
theadmissionpriceisnotcheapanthemeseumisoftenverycrowded.
WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,near75thStreet)
TheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcolectionofcomtemporarypaintingandsclpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycomtemporaryvideoartists.
Unit2AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMS
Therearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribesomethinginawaythatwillgivethereaderastrongimpression.Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistext,however,wewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.
SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnurseryrhymes.Theserhymesliketheoneontheright(A)arestillacommontypeofchildren'spoetry.Thelanguageisconcretebutimaginative,andtheydelightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhyme,havestrongrhythmandalotofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymes,childrenlearnaboutlanguage.
AHush,littlebaby,don'tsayaword,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouamockingbird.
Ifthatmockingbirdwon'tsing,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.
Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyoualooking-glass.
Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouabilly-goat.
Ifthatbilly-goatrunsaway,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouanothertoday.
OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthatlistthings.Listpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeB)whileothersdonot(likeC).
Isawafish-portalallonfire
Isawafish-pondallonfire,
Isawahousebowtoasquire,
Isawapersontwelve-feethigh,
Isawacottageinthesky,
Isawaballoonmadeoflead,
Isawacoffindropdowndead,
Isawtwosparrowsrunarace,
Isawtwohorsesmakinglace,
Isawggirljustlikeacat,
Isawakittenwearahat,
Isawamanwhosawthesetoo,
Andsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.
Ourfirstfootballmatch
Wewouldhavewon...
ifJackhadscoredthatgoal,
ifwe'dhadjustafewmoreminutes,
ifwehadtrainedharder,
ifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoe,
ifwe'dhadthousandsoffansscreaming,
ifIhadn'ttakenmyeyeofftheball,
ifwehadn'tstayedupsolatethenightbefore,
ifwehadn'ttakeniteasy,
ifwehadn'trunoutofenergy.
Wewouldhavewon...
ifwe'dbeenbetter!
Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthecinquain,apoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthese,studentscanconveyastrongpictureinjustafewwords.Lookattheexamples(DandE)onthetopofthenextpage.
Brother
Beautiful,athletic
Teasing,shouting,laughing
Friendandenemytoo
Mine
Summer
Sleepy,salty
Drying,drooping,dreading
Weekin,weekout
Endless
Afallenblossom
Iscomingbacktothebranch.
Look,abutterfly!
(byMoritake)
Snowhavingmelted,
Thewholevillageisbrimful
Ofhappychildren.
(byIssa)
HaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof17syllables.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisverypopularwithEnglishwriters.Itiseasytowriteand,likethecinquain,cangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimumofwords.Thetwohaikupoems(FandG)abovearetranslationsfromtheJapanese.
Wheresheawaitsherhusband
Onandontheriverflows.
Neverlookingback,
Transformedintostone.
Daybydayuponthemountaintop,
windandrainrevolve.
Shouldthetravellerreturn,
thisstonewouldutterspeech.,
(byWangJian)
DidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry-TangpoemsfromChinainparticularAlotofTangpoetryhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.ThisTangpoem(H)isatranslationfromtheChin