MY LAW.docx

MY LAW.docx

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MYLAW

Contractlaw

Offer&Acceptance

Issue:

Whetheritisanoffer.

Offer---isastatementofthetermsmadebyoneparty（offeror）totheotherparty（offeree）.

Toproveoffer,itisnecessarytoestablishthatthereis:

1）Offerormusthaveanintentiontobelegallyboundonceitaccepted;

2）Itmustcontaincertaindefiniteterms.

3）Itmustcommunicatetotheofferee.

Invitationtotreat

Howtoidentifyoffer/invitationtotreat?

1）Intentionofthepartymakingthestatement.

Nointentiontobelegallybound=Invitationtotreat

GibsonvManchesterCityCouncil

Occasionswhenintentiontobelegallyboundondisplaygoods=Offer

E.g.Adisplaygoodswithstatement“Crazysaleof$1tofirstcustomernextSunday”.

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2）Acustomerdoesnotmakeanyoffertopurchasewhenhe/sheinspectsthegoods.

Gooddisplayinashopwindow/shelves/supermarkets=Invitationtotreat

Customermakeofferonlywhentakingthegoodstothecounterforpayment.

Cashier/shopkeeperdecidewhetherornottoaccepttheoffer

Thecashiermayrejectcustomerifthegoodareoutofstock/defective/others

PharmaceuticalSocietyofGreatBritainvBootsCashChemists

Advertisement

Generalrule:

Advertisementisregardedas=Invitationtotreat.

PartridgevCrittenden

Exception:

Unilateralcontractsor“anoffertowholeworld”

CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo

Tender

Arequestforanorganizationtosubmittenders=Invitationtotreat

（一間公司提交標書給招標公司）

Exception:

Unlessitiscouplewithapromisetoacceptlowest/highesttender.

SpencervHarding

Auction

Advertisementofanauction,displayalotofanauction=Invitationtotreat

Biddertomakeoffer,andauctioneerdecidewhetheracceptornot.

PaynevCave

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Certaintyoftheoffer

Acontractmustbecontainthebasictermsoftherelevanttransaction.

Price-HowmuchisthegoodsIamgoingtosellyou?

ChuYutin&OthersvLoKwokHung

Property-HowmanygoodsIamgoingtosellyou?

Courtaretrytosavethecommercialagreementwhencontracthavebeenperformed.Courtrefers:

s.10SaleofGoodsOrdinance

Pricedeterminedbythecourseofdealingbetweenparties.

Ifpricehavenotset,itmustpayreasonableprice.

因為法院想保持商業協議,所以可能offer會由法院修改。

-Pasttransactionbetweenparties.

-Industrycustoms.

-Legislation.

-Anarbitrationclause.

Communicationoftheoffer

Revocationofoffer

Theofferorcanberevokedtheofferatanytimebeforeacceptance.

Nocontracthasbeenformed

PaynevCave

Exception:

Iftheofferisirrevocableorirrevocablewithinacertainperiod

Cannotbewithdrawattheperiod

Notificationoforderneednotbecommunicatedpersonallybytheofferor.

Itcouldfromthirdparty.（可以由第3方去代offeror取消offer）

DickinsonvDodds

Iftheofferdoesnotsetadeadlineforacceptance,theofferstillcanberevokeatanytimebeforeacceptance,unlesstheoffereeprovidesconsiderationtokeeptheofferopen.

Provideconsideration=Brokenthecontractandcompensateofferee

Noconsiderationtokeep=Revokeatanytimeisfine.

RoutledgevGrant

Counter–offer

Counteroffer---isanewproposalmadebytheoffereeinrespondtotheoffer

Counteroffer=Rejectionoftheoriginaloffer

Therefore,ifoffereeprovidecounteroffer,itisrejectoftheoffer,theoffernolongexist.

Theoffereecannotthenaccepttheofferafterwards.

HydevWrench

Rejectionoftheoffer

Iftheofferisrejectedbytheofferee,acontractwouldnotbeformed.

Offereeaskofferorpaymentmethod=onlyinquiry

Norejection/Noacceptance

Mayacceptofferafterwards

StevensonvMcLean

Offer-Death

Thedeathofoffereeorofferorbeforeacceptancewouldnormallyterminatetheoffer.

Offerordeath...=theoffercannotbeacceptedoncetheoffereeknowsthedeath.

FongvCilli

Offereedeath=offerwillnormallyterminate

Unlessthereisaoptionthattheofferwouldcontinuesaliveafterdeath

CartervHyde

Acceptance

Issue:

Whetherthereisanacceptance.

Toprovethereisanacceptance,itisnecessarytoestablishthattheacceptofoffereeis:

Unconditional;

Final;

Clearassent

totheoriginaltermsoftheoffer.

Unconditional

Unconditionalmeanstheoffereedonotaccepttheofferwhenhesaid“issubjecttocondition”.Nocontractwouldbeformed.

LungYukLunvGratefulfitIndustrialLtd.

Eventheconditionisagreebytheparty,butitwouldnoteffectuntilit’soperate.

Pymv.Campbell

Final

Ifagreementissaid“subjecttocontract”（受合約限制）,itwouldnotbeafinalagreement.

Nocontractbetweenparties.

DartonLtd.v.HKIDL[2001]

Aprovisionalagreementbeforecontractinthesalesandpurchaseoflandisabindingcontract.

Untilpartiesreplaceanewone.

YiuYuPingv.FongYeeLan

Clearassent

Theassentoftermsofoffermustbeclear.

即係唔可以話…是旦啦….求其啦…一定要話我同意..就好似結婚咁..要認真同意先有效..

Ifthreerequirementsarefulfill.Thusmovetocommunicationofacceptance.

Communicationofacceptance

Acceptancemustbecommunicatedwiththeofferor.

Nocontractisformeduntilofferorknowthattheofferhasbeenacceptance.

PowellvLee

Therefore,silenceisnotsufficienttobeproved.

Exceptions:

Postalrule

Postalruleonlyappliedonacceptance（nousefulonrevocation.）

TheacceptanceoftheofferhasbeensentthroughmediumofPostOffice,thecontractwillbethemomentitisposted.

AdamsvLindsell

Exceptionsofpostalrule

Ifthereisaconsentofoffereeandofferorthat..

Writtenisnotprescribedasaacceptancewaysoftheoffer…

ThenPostalruleisnotacceptable.

Iftheofferorismadeclearbeforehandthatshe/hewouldnotbepreparedtobebounduntiltheoffereeacceptstheofferbywrittennotice.

HolwellSecuritiesv.Hughes

Exceptions:

Waiverofcommunicationofacceptance

Thetermsmayexpresslyorimplicitlytogiveupthecommunicationofacceptancewithofferor.

即是…不用回覆此郵件,有興趣請帶同現金去xxx報名。

Iftheoffercanacceptedbyconduct,thentheoffereedoesnotneedtonotifytheofferorinadvance.

Carlillv.CarbolicSmokeBallCo.

案件中carlill因為吃煙身體不舒服,carbolic用電視向廣大市民公開offer,「吃完不舒服可以退款」,但之后carlill去退款不獲受理,carbolic話這只是廣告.當然..這算是公開offer…carlill自己accept呢個offer..並唔需要同offeror溝通.

Acceptance–offeror’sfault

Ifthefaultisduetoofferor,theofferordoesnotknowthattheacceptancewasacceptbytheofferee.

Theofferorcannotdenytheacceptancethattheoffereehasbeencommunicationwithhim.

E.g.Writtenacceptancetoofferorplace.Offerorjusttakeondeskanddidnotsee.

Acceptanceisvalid,andoffereecannotdenytheofferee’spropercommunicationoftheacceptance.

Acceptance–offeror’sauthorizeagent

Ifofferorauthorizeanagenttoreceivethecommunicationofacceptance,thentheacceptancetakeeffectevenacceptanceiscommunicatedonlywithagent.

Methodsofcommunicationofacceptance

1.Ifofferorinsistaparticularmethodofcommunicationofacceptanceoffereemustfollowed.

2.Ifofferoronlyrecommendamethodofcommunicationofacceptanceallowothermethodsbetterthantherecommendmethod.

3.Ifnomentionthecommunicationmethodsofacceptancereasonablemethodsisok.

Whenacceptancetakeseffect

Acceptancetakeseffectwhenandwherenoticeisreceivedbytheofferor.

Instantaneouscommunication

TelephoneAcontractisformedwhenacceptanceofanofferisinstantaneouslycommunicated.

Simplewords,

iftheoffereeknowsacceptancemaynottakeeffectrepeatedit.Otherwisenoacceptances,nocontract.

IftheoffereedidnotknowtheacceptancesdonttakeeffectofferorknowAcceptancedone

Iftheoffereedidnotknowtheacceptancesdonottakeeffectnocontract

Emailalwaysdelays,butitcanrefernormalrule.

Messagedelaybythirdparty.

theintentionoftheparties,

--soundbusinesspractice,

--judgmentwheretheriskshalllie

Ifmsgsdduringbusinesshours.deemedtohavebeenreceivedevenofferordidnotsee.

TenaxSteamshipCoLtdvOwnersofthemotorvesselBrimnes（TheBrimnes）

IfmsgsdafterbusinesshoursMsgreceivedonnextday.

ScheldeDeltaShippingB.V.vAstrateShippingLtd.（ThePamela）

Consideration

-Givingofsomethingofvalueintheeyesofthelawinexchangefortheother’spromise.

ApromiseBsomething.

Apromisor

Bpromise

Itcanbeseeconsiderationasapurchasetothepromise.SinceBhastogivesomethinginreturnforApromise.BreceivedsomethingasabenefittoA.

Mutualpromises（相互）

Bothpromisearemadeinexchangetootherpromise.

AsellgoodtoB.

ApromisetosupplygoodtoBistheconsideration.BpromisetopaytheconsiderationtoA.

ApromisetosupplythegoodsistheconsiderationforBpromisetopay.

Noconsideration=Notvalidcontract.

Thereforeacontractmusthaveconsideration.

E.g.Donation.

Adonation$300toB.thisisApromise.Bhavenothingreturn.Itisagift.

Thismaybeanagreementbutnotacontract!

Becauselackofconsideration.

Therefore,Abreachthepromise,BnotabletosueforA.