ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE THE EVEREXPANDING FRONTIER.docx

ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE THE EVEREXPANDING FRONTIER.docx

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ELECTRONICEVIDENCETHEEVEREXPANDINGFRONTIER

WestlawDeliverySummaryReportforIPPOOL,6

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TI（"electronicevidence"）&DA（LAST3YEARS）

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Monday,December22,201419:

21Central

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CHONGQINGUIP

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JLR

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ASPATORE

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Aspatore

*1November,2013

UTILIZINGFORENSICSCIENCEINCRIMINALCASES,2014EDITION

LEADINGLAWYERSONANALYZINGTHELATESTTRENDSINFORENSICSANDINCORPORATINGTHEMINTODEFENSESTRATEGIES

ELECTRONICEVIDENCE:

THEEVER-EXPANDINGFRONTIER

PatrickA.Casey[FNa1]

DonnaA.Walsh[FNa2]

Partners

MyersBrier&KellyLLP

Copyright©2013byThomsonReuters/Aspatore;PatrickA.Casey,DonnaA.Walsh

Introduction

      Recenthigh-profilecriminalcasesillustratethegovernment'sincreasingrelianceonelectronicevidenceincriminalinvestigationsandprosecutions.[FN1]Giventhewidespreaduseofe-mail,smartphones,andsocialmediaandthemassiveamountofdatacreatedbytheirusers,thisisthenewfrontierinforensicscience.Itisessentialfordefensecounseltohaveathoroughunderstandingofelectronicevidenceandtoknowwhenexperttestimonycanbeutilizedtochallengethegovernment'scaseandsupportthetheoryofdefense.Thischapteridentifiesdefensestrategiesforprotectingyourclient'sinterestswhenthegovernmentseizesorseekstointroduceelectronicevidenceandforidentifyingelectronicevidencethatispotentiallyexculpatoryorotherwisesupportsthetheoryofdefense.

E-mailandTextMessages

      E-mailformsthebackboneformostorganizations'day-to-daycommunications,andmorepeopleareoptingtoreachouttofriendsandfamilybye-mailortextmessage,ratherthanmakeaphonecall.[FN2]Bothformsofcommunicationgiverisetoanumberofissueswhenofferedintoevidence.

RighttoPrivacyandtheWarrantRequirement

      ThethresholdquestionwhenconsideringtheadmissibilityofelectronicevidenceiswhethertheseizureofthatevidenceviolatedtheFourthAmendment.Theprotectionagainstunreasonablesearchesapplieswhenanindividualhasareasonableexpectationofprivacyintheinformationthatisseized.Atleastonecourtofappealshasheldthate-mailenjoysFourthAmendmentprotection.

      TheSixthCircuitheldinUnitedStatesv.Warshakthatindividualshaveareasonableexpectationofprivacyine-mailmessagesthatarestoredwithorsentthroughacommerciale-mailprovider.[FN3]AccordingtotheSixthCircuit,“[e]mailisthetechnologicalscionoftangiblemail,anditplaysanindispensablepartintheInformationAge”and,asaresult,“itwoulddefycommonsensetoafforde-mailslesserFourthAmendmentprotection.”[FN4]Thecourtobservedthat“e-mailhasbecome‘sopervasivethatsomepersonsmayconsider[it]tobe[an]essentialmeansornecessaryinstrument[]forself-expression,evenself-identification,”[FN5]andtherefore,“e-mailrequiresstrongprotectionundertheFourthAmendment.”[FN6]

      *2WarshakfurtherheldthattheStoredCommunicationsAct（SCA）[FN7]isunconstitutionaltotheextentthatitpurportstopermitthegovernmenttoobtainanindividual'se-mailswithoutawarrant.[FN8]TheSCAimposesdifferentrequirementsforsecuringelectroniccommunications,dependingonthelengthoftimethee-mailshavebeen“inelectronicstorage.”Underthestatute,thegovernmentmayobtainthecontentsofe-mailsthatareinstoragewithanelectroniccommunicationservicefor180daysorless“onlypursuanttoawarrant.”[FN9]E-mailsthathavebeeninstorageformorethan180daysmaybeobtainedwithawarrant,throughuseofanadministrativesubpoenaorbymeansofacourtorder.[FN10]InDecember2012,theSenatedroppedanamendmenttotheSCAthatwouldhaverequiredauthoritiestoobtainawarrantbeforemonitoringe-mailorotherdatastoredremotely.[FN11]

      UnlessanduntilCongressand/ortheSupremeCourtfinallyresolvestheissue,anyeffortbythegovernmenttoobtaine-mailmessagesfromanelectroniccommunicationsproviderwithoutawarrantissubjecttochallengeundertheFourthAmendmentorpotentiallyundersimilarstateconstitutionalprovisions.[FN12]

StatutoryProtection

      InadditiontotheFourthAmendment,e-mailmessagesmaybeprotectedbystatute.TheSCAprescribesspecificrightsforsubscribersincontentandnon-contentinformationthatisinthepossessionoftheserviceprovider.[FN13]Statelawmayprovideadditionalprotectionand,asaresult,mayaffecttheadmissibilityofelectroniccommunications.Forexample,partiesinPennsylvaniamaymoveunder18Pa.C.S.A.§5721.1foranorderexcludinganywire,electronic,ororalcommunicationthatwasinter