第四章如何遣词修改稿.docx

第四章如何遣词修改稿.docx

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第四章如何遣词修改稿

第四章如何遣词

大学英语四六级作文的评分原则和标准主要涉及内容和语言两个方面。

本章主要从遣词的角度来阐述如何做到语言准确、通顺和得体。

4．1语言的准确

4．1．1一般和具体词汇

作为音素文字的英语，其字形和表意之间缺乏联系，因此英语单词往往可以任意表达较为复杂的概念。

加之英语民族在心理文化上重“个体”，折射到语言运用上便形成了英语词义较汉语更为具体。

以一般动词walk为例，英语中不乏具体表示动作方式和结果的词汇：

stagger（蹒跚）、plod（重步行走）、pace（踱步）、loiter（游荡）、stride（大步走）、strut（昂首阔步）等。

此外，具体词汇比一般词汇更富表现力，可以使语言更为准确、形象和生动。

试比较下列两组形容词：

agoodman:

kind,honest,just,generous,sympathetic,warm-hearted,selfless,brave,honorable

goodfood:

tasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,wholesome,fresh,appetizing,abundant

显然后面的具体词汇要比前面的一般词汇更能为文章增色。

而在

四六级作文中，考生受汉语表达法习惯的影响，很少用具体的单

纯词来表示复杂的概念，而过多使用一般词汇往往又会暴露语言

驾驭能力的欠缺。

试对比：

a）UsuallyIwillreadthenewspaperveryquicklyandtrytofindsomeinterestingstories.（一般动词+副词）

b）UsuallyIwillflipthroughthenewspaperandtrytofindsomeinterestingstories.（具体动词）

a）Itisnoteasytolookafteraspoiledchildlikeamother.（一般动词+like）

b）Itisnoteasytobabysitaspoiledchild.（具体动词）

a）Itrytohidemyinnerfearwithamaskofshowingconfidence.（一般动词+with）

b）Itrytomaskmyinnerfearbyashowofconfidence.（具体动词）

因此，平时多积累一些具体词汇有助于写出地道的英语作文。

巩固练习一：

使用具体词汇改写以下句子

1．Thecompetitionputsmuchpressureonpeople.

2．Thegovernmentgivesequalopportunitiestoall.

3．Thesocietystillmakeswomenunabletoenjoyequalrights.

4．ItgoeswithoutsayingthatEnglishmajorsaremorelikelytofindagoodjobinthejobmarketwhichisfullofcompetition.

5．What’smore,remembertoadjustyourmoodtoarelaxedstate,anddealwithyourworkandplayverywell.

6．ThenextdaywhenIusedthedictionaryIfoundthenotesunderseveralwordentriesarebad.

7．Onhearingit,IbecameannoyedandItoldhimwhatIwantedthenwasthemoneytheshopshouldgiveback.

8．I’msureyouwillsoonfindagoodcandidateforthepositioninthatafewpeoplearemoresuitableforitthanI.

9．Byreadingbookswecangetallkindsofknowledge.

10．Notallthebookscandogoodtous.

Key:

1.Thecompetitionimposesmuchpressureonpeople.

2.Thegovernmentensuresequalopportunitiestoall.

3.Womenarestilldeniedequalrightsinthesociety,

4.ItgoeswithoutsayingthatEnglishmajorsaremorelikelytofinda

goodjobinthetighterjobmarket

5.What’smore,remembertoadjustyourmoodtoarelaxedstate,and

balanceyourworkandplay.

6.ThenextdaywhenIusedthedictionaryIfoundthenotesunderseveralwordentriesareillegible.

7.Onhearingit,IbecameannoyedandItoldhimwhatIwantedthenwasarefund.

8.I’msureyouwillsoonfindawell-qualifiedcandidateforthepositioninthatafewpeoplearemoresuitableforitthanI.

9.Byreadingbookswecanacquireallkindsofknowledge.

10.Notallthebookscanbenefitus.

巩固练习二使用具体词汇填空或替换段落中的划线部分。

1.Asshownfromthechart,itcanbeconcludedthatAmericanstudentsprefertoreadpopularnovelsratherthanotherkindsofbooks.Amongallthebooksthestudentsread,popularnovels68.2%whileunpopularnovels16.8%,technicalbooks8.3%andpoemcollectionsonly5.2%.

2.In1995,thenumberofpeoplewhowouldliketotravelabroadwas10000,whichincreasedtonearly40000in2000.Andin2005,thenumberfurtherabove12,000.

3.Aboveall,itteachesusthatweshouldn’thaveastrongwishtogetquickresults;otherwisewewillfail.Inaddition,ifwethinkspeedistooimportant,wewillsuffersoonerorlate.

4.Tohelpothersisavirtue,butwhenweareaskedtohelpinthefollowingthreecasesweshouldsay“No”.First,weshouldsay“No”whenweareaskedtodosomethingwrong.Second,weshouldsay“No”whenfulfillinghisorherwillisaviolationofourprinciple.

5.Weliveinaninformationage.Everydayweareconfrontedwithlargeamountsofinformationfromavarietyofchannelssuchas,and.Butthemostfastandconvenientsourcemaybe,bywhichwecannotonlykeeppacewithsociety,butalsoenrichourknowledge.

Key:

1.accountfor,makeup

2.climbed

3.beoveranxiousfor,attachgreatimportancetospeed

4.illegalorimmoral

5.TV,newspaperandradio,Internet

4．1．2同义辨析

由于英语词义的范畴非常广泛，涉及概念义、外延义、文体

义、联想义、主题义、搭配义、情感义等。

即便是同义词也只是

某种程度上的近似，不可能做到意义上的完全对等。

这就需要考

生在选词时斟酌词义的微妙差别，辨析同义词在具体语境中的用

法。

以四六级作文中较常出现的question,problem和issue三个

“问题”为例，试比较它们在下列句子中的内涵：

a.Thejuveniledelinquencyisaproblemthatdoesexistinourcountry,

b.Nuclearproliferationisalwaysthetopissuetheparticipantshavetodiscussatthiskindomeeting.

c.Sotherearisesthequestion:

whatshouldwedotogetridofthewrongattitudestowardsthemigrantworkers?

我们不难看出，同为“问题”，三个词义的侧重点却有所不同：

problem,是指“实际存在的问题”或“需要解决的现实问题”；issue指的是有关国家政策和对外关系的“重大问题”；而question则指“可获得解释和回答的疑问”。

类似的例子举不胜数，要想做到用词准确，关键是“功夫在书外”，需要平时细心积累比较同义词的释义和用法，不要只见树木，不见森林，机械背诵孤立的英文单词。

巩固练习一：

用正确的近义词替换划线单词。

1.Bymakingfriendswhoaredifferentfrom

ourselves,wecanmakeupfordefects.

2.Therewaslittlechangeinthenumbersofspendingoneconomicsbooks.

3.Everyonehadspecialinterestwhilereadingsowecouldchoosedifferentbookstoreadaccordingtoourpersonalinterests.

4.Theyclaimthatinmodernsociety,peoplearesupposedtohavemoreknowledgethantheirancestorstodealwiththecolorfulworld.

5.ItakeCET-6foracrucialtask.

6.ItismucheasierforauniversitygraduatetofindasatisfiedjobwiththecertificateofCET-6thanwiththecertificateofCET-4inthefuture.

7.Theyhavevariedreasonsfordoingso

8.Job-hoppingornotalldependsonwhetherthejobissuitableforonetoshowone’stalenttothegreatestdegree.

9.Inthedininghall,studentsbuymuchmorefoodthanwhattheycanhaveandhavetodumptheremains.

10.Intheclassroom,youcanseeemptypaperleftinthedustbinseveryday

Key:

1.shortcomings

2.amount

3.select

4.maintain

5.vital

6.satisfactory

7.various

8.display

9.leftover

10.blank

巩固练习二：

根据语境填写划线单词的近义词或词组。

1．Itisnowonderthatpopularnovelshaveattractedsuchalargeaudience.Theyarewritteninplainlanguagesothateveryonecanreadforentertainmentorrelaxation.Booksoftechnologyandcollectionsofpoemsareless

inthattheformerisoftencomplicatedandthelatterabstract.

2.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkitisunwisetoreadpopularnovels.Ontheonehand,Iwouldliketospendmuchofmyfreetimereadingbooksrelatedtomyspecializedfield—environmentalprotection.Ontheotherhand,Iinreadingnonfictionsuchashistoryandbiographybecausetheytellmehowtobehaveproperly.

3.Thislong-distanceeducation,oron-lineeducationhasbeenwidelyacceptedandrecommended.Whydoesitbecome?

4.Asforme,thebestwayistofromthebank.ThisdoesnotonlysolvetheproblemoftuitionandfeebutalsoimprovemystudybecausethebankoffersstudentsmoneyaccordingtotheirGPA.

5.Inthelongrun,theywillnottheirparents’labor,andevennobodylikestoregardlaborasglorious.Ontheotherhand,ifeverystudentrandomlythrowsandspoilssomethingusefuleveryday,energycrisiswillbetriggeredandtheofwatersupplyandotherresourceswillbeaggravated.

Key:

1.appealing

2.takegreatdelight

3.arageorpopular

4.loan

5.cherish,shortage

4．1．3限定词的使用

用词准确从另外一个角度讲就是要使论述客观、适度，避免绝对化，这就需要考生掌握一些限定词以调节观点，缓和语气。

如：

1.may:

Wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthatdoingpart-timejobsdocollegestudentsmoregoodthanharm.

2.generally/commonly

Itisgenerallyacceptedthatusingbicyclecontributesgreatlytopeople’sphysicalfitnessaswellaseasingtrafficjams

3.tosomeextent

Idon’tagreewiththefirstargumenttosomeextent.

4.notnecessarily

ThoseAstudentsarenotnecessarilythesmarteststudents.

此外诸如typically,usually,sometimes,forthemostpart等词也可以起到调节观点的作用。

巩固练习一：

用括号内的限定词改写下列句子

1.Youngpeopleseemmorepronetojob-hopping.（ingeneral）

2.Thefirstappearancewilldeterminetheapplicant’sfate.（moreoftenthannot）

3.TheysaythattheyhavealreadypassedCET-4,sotheycangetthebachelor’sdegreeandgraduatefromthecollege.（atleast）

4.Inordertoreducewasteoncampus,we,collegestudentsthinkabouthowtospendmoneyfromparentstoavoidspendingmoneyonsomethinguseless.（mayaswell）

5.Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?

Therearetwomainreasons.（amongothers）

6.Moreandmorestudentswanttobedependentfromtheirparentbydoingpart-timejobstopaytheircollegeeducation,whichreallycanlessentheburdenofthefamily.（tosomeextent）

7.IwouldliketospendmyfreetimeinreadingsuchbooksasScienceDigests,ComputerNewspapersrelatedtomymajor,computerscience.（Personally）

8.Collegestudentscannotstrikeabalancebetweenstudyandtheirpart-timejobs（forthemostpart）

9.Peopleprefertosay“yes”whentheyshouldsay“no”.（typically）

10.Therearetwokindsofopinions.（mainly）

Key:

7.Iappreciatethisformofeducation.（personally）

8.Itisacceptedthatprivatecarsprovideuswithmuchmoreconvenience.（commonly）

9.Therearetwokindsofopinions.（mainly）

10.Itisdifficultforcollegestudentstobalanceworkandpart-timejobs.（forthemostpart）

Key:

1.Ingeneral,youngpeopleseemmorepronetojob-hopping.

2.Thefirstappearancemoreoftenthannotwilldeterminetheapplicant’sfate.

3.TheysaythattheyhavealreadypassedCET-4,sotheycanatleastgetthebachelor’sdegreeandgraduatefromthecollege.

4.Inordertoreducewasteoncampus,we,collegestudentsmayaswell（还是）thinkabouthowtospendmoneyfromparentstoavoidspendingmoneyonsomethinguseless.

5.Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?

Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.（表客观，指诸多原因中的两点。

）

6.Moreandmorestudentswanttobedepende