How to Use a Lathe.docx

How to Use a Lathe.docx

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HowtoUseaLathe

BasicOperationofaLathe

 Let'sUseaLathe!

Alatheisamachinetoolwhichturnscylindricalmaterial,touchesacuttingtooltoit,andcutsthematerial.Thelatheisoneofthemachinetoolsmostwellusedbymachining（Figure1）. 

AsshowninFigure2,amaterialisfirmlyfixedtothechuckofalathe.Thelatheisswitchedonandthechuckisrotated.Andsincethetablewhichfixedthebytecanbemovedintheverticaldirection,andtheright-and-leftdirectionbyoperatingsomehandlesshowninFig.3.Ittouchesabyte'stipintothematerialbytheoperation,andmakeamechanicalpart.

Fig.1,AppearanceofaLathe

Fig.2,ChuckingofMaterial

Fig.3,HandlesofaLathe

 CAUTIONS!

　Whenweusealathe,thefollowingthingsmusttakegreatcare.

（1）Don'tkeepachuckhandleattachedbythechuck.Next,itfliesatthemomentofturningalathe. 

（2）Don'ttouchthebytetableintotherotatingchuck.Notonlyabytebutthetableorthelathearedamaged.

 ThreeImportantElements

Inorgertogetanefficientpropcessandbeautifulsurfaceatthelathemachining,itisimportanttoadjustarotatingspeed,acuttingdepthandasendingspeed.Pleasenotethattheimportantelementscannotdecideeasily,becausethesesuitablevaluesarequietdifferentbymaterials,sizeandshapesofthepart.

 RotatingSpeed

Itexpresseswiththenumberofrotations（rpm）ofthechuckofalathe.Whentherotatingspeedishigh,processingspeedbecomesquick,andaprocessingsurfaceisfinelyfinished.However,sincealittleoperationmistakesmayleadtotheseriousaccident,itisbettertosetlowrotatingspeedatthefirststage. 

 CuttingDepth

Thecuttingdepthofthetoolaffectstotheprocessingspeedandtheroughnessofsurface.Whenthecuttingdepthisbig,theprocessingspeedbecomesquick,butthesurfacetemperaturebecomeshigh,andithasroughsurface.Moreover,alifeofbytealsobecomesshort.Ifyoudonotknowasuitablecuttingdepth,itisbettertosettosmallvalue.

 SendingSpeed（Feed）

Thesendingspeedofthetoolalsoaffectstotheprocessingspeedandtheroughnessofsurface.Whenthesendingspeedishigh,theprocessingspeedbecomesquick.Whenthesendingspeedislow,thesurfaceisfinishedbeautiful.Thereare'manualsending'whichturnsandoperatesahandle,and'automaticsending'whichadvancesabyteautomatically.Abeginnermustusethemanualsending.Becauseseriousaccidentsmaybecaused,suchastouchingtherotatingchuckaroundthebyteinautomaticsending,.

Fig.4,ThreeImportantElements

Abeginnerofalathemustoperatewithlowrotatingsopeed,smallcuttingdepthandlowsendingspeed.

 CuttingToolsforLathe

Therearevriouskindsofthecuttingtoolsforalathe.Wemustchoosethembythematerialsandshapeofapart.Threetypicalcuttingtoolsareintroducedinfollows.Thenweconsiderwhatisaneasyprocessorahardprocess.

 FormofTypicalCuttingTools

Figure5（a）showsthemostwell-usedcuttingtoolcalledasidetool.Itcanprocesstocutanoutsidesurfaceandanedgesurface.Sincethematerialissetattherightoflathe,thenthistoolcanonlycuttherightofthematerial.

ThecuttingtoolshowninFigure5（b）isusedatpartingandgroovingprocesses.Itspointedendisslim,thenitistooweak.Don'taddastrongside-forcetothetool.Thistoolmustsendverticaldirectiononly.

ThecuttingtoolshowninFigure5（c）iscalledaboringbar.Itisusedtocutataninsidesurface.Itcanmakeabighole,whichcannotbeprocessbyadrill,andanhighaccuratehole.

Fig.5,TypicalCuttingTools

 EasyProcessingandHardProcessing

Thegeneralcuttingtool,showninFigure5（a）isthemosteasyhangling.Thentheshape,whichcanbemakeusingonlythegeneralcuttingtool,haseasyprocessing.

Inthecaseofthepartingorprooving,Theprocessbecomeshardwithdecreasingofthewidthofaalot,andincreasingofthedepth.

Inthecaseofusingoftheboringbar,theprocessofapenetratedholeisnotsohard.Buttheprocessofno-penetratedholeissomewhathard.Becausewecannotseethebottomsurfaceinduringprocess.Insuchcases,wedecidethelocationofthetoolwiththesoundorthescaleoflathe.Moreover,theprocessofasmallhole（lessthan10mm）oradepthholeistoohard.

Ofcourse,thereareimpossibleshapesasshowninFigure6（c）.Insuchcase,thepartmustbedividedorhaveanycontrivances.

Fig.6,EasyProcessingandHardProcessing

 HearingtheSound

Inthecaseofthelatheprocess,sharpnessisknownfromscrapsofthematerialoraprocessingsurface.Inaddition,itisalsoimportanttohearthesound.Forexample,whenthesoundistoohigh,theprocessingisnotsuitable.Itiscausedbythebadedgeofthetool